Training writing skills: a cognitive developmental perspective
Open accessAbstract
Writing skills typically develop over a course of more than two decades as a child matures and learns the craft of composition through late adolescence and into early adulthood. The novice writer progresses from a stage of knowledge-telling to a stage of knowledge-transforming characteristic of adult writers. Professional writers advance further to an expert stage of knowledge-crafting in which representations of the author's planned content, the text itself, and the prospective reader's interpretation of the text are routinely manipulated in working memory.
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Protzner, A. B., & McIntosh, A. R. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4963-06.2007 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Learning to Revise: Some Component Processes
Bartlett, E. J. (1981) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004454118_018 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Effective Teaching and Learning of Writing
Rijlaarsdam, G., Bergh, V. D. H., & Couzijn, M. (1996) · Amsterdam University Press eBooks · doi:10.5117/9789053561980 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Women writers at work : the Paris review interviews
Plimpton, G. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Largy, P., Dédéyan, A., & Hupet, M. M. (2004) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/0007099042376382 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Winn, W. D., Berninger, V. W., Richards, T. L., Aylward, E., Stock, P., Lee, Y.-L., & Lovitt, D. (2006) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/r783-4g36-58v7-5154 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Learning to read and write argumentative text by observation.
Couzijn, M., & Rijlaarsdam, G. (1996) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Literary precocity:An exceptional case among exceptional cases
Edmunds, A. L., & Noel, K. (2003) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783190309554227 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
2. The Writer's Audience Is Always a Fiction
Ong, W. J. (2017) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.7591/9780801466311-003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 10
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lee, H.-P. (., Sarkar, A., Tankelevitch, L., Drosos, I., Rintel, S., Banks, R., & Wilson, N. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713778 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
“However, there are concerns that novice writers may become overly reliant on these tools, potentially impairing their long-term skill development by bypassing critical writing processes such as constructing logical arguments and understanding subject matter [14, 53, 63, 64].”
Examining dimensions of self-efficacy for writing
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Human-AI collaboration patterns in AI-assisted academic writing
Nguyen, A., Hong, Y., Dang, B., & Huang, X. (2024) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2024.2323593 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
“An efficient writer is capable of enhancing their performance (Kellogg 2008), necessitating deliberate effort and control over the activity.”
BackgroundAutomated Writing Evaluation and Feedback: Multiple Metrics of Efficacy
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A qualitative systematic review on AI empowered self-regulated learning in higher education
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Social Dynamics of AI Support in Creative Writing
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Cognitive load evaluation of handwriting using stroke-level features
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de Smet, M. J. R., Brand-Gruwel, S., Leijten, M., & Kirschner, P. A. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.06.010 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Computing Education Research Today
Fincher, S. A., Tenenberg, J., Dorn, B., Hundhausen, C., McCartney, R., & Murphy, L. (2019) · The Cambridge Handbook of Computing Education Research · doi:10.1017/9781108654555.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Abdellatif, M. S., Alshehri, M. A., Lamouchi, A., Rahmath, M., & Nemt-allah, M. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1809174
“…punctuation, and surface-level paraphrasing constitute routine mechanical operations in that they do not require domain reasoning or rhetorical judgment; they place demands on working memory without contributing directly to the development of argumentation or disciplinary thinking (Kellogg, 2008).”
- Authors
- Kellogg, R. T.
- Corresponding author
- Kellogg, R.T.
- ORCID
- Kellogg, R.T.
- Venue
- Journal of Writing Research
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-26
- ISSN
- 2030-1006 (ISSN-L)
- 2294-3307
- OpenAlex
- W2316375164
- Cited by
- 868
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 72.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Journal of Writing Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Writing and Handwriting Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Keywords
- writing skills, cognitive development, writing instruction, novice writers, expert writers, knowledge transformation, working memory, text planning, reader interpretation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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