The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Functions of the Police in Modern Society.
Overview
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Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
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Claims the paper makes
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Citations
Cited by
NEGOTIATING ORDER IN PATROL WORK: AN ECOLOGICAL THEORY OF POLICE RESPONSE TO DEVIANCE*
KLINGER, D. A. (1997) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00877.x · Cited by 645
Ariel, B., Farrar, W. A., & Sutherland, A. (2015) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-014-9236-3 · Cited by 621
Neighborhood Context and Police Use of Force
Terrill, W., & Reisig, M. D. (2003) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427803253800 · Cited by 518
Organizational stressors and police performance
Shane, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.008 · Cited by 389
The Effects of Hot Spots Policing on Crime
Braga, A. A. (2001) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/000271620157800107 · Cited by 390
Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, J. P., & Bittner, E.
- Venue
- Contemporary Sociology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1972-05
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 243
- ISSN
- 0094-3061 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2040990929
- Cited by
- 987
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 75.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Functions of the Police in Modern Society. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/2063988
- The paper
- Clark, J. P., & Bittner, E. (1972). The Functions of the Police in Modern Society. Contemporary Sociology. https://doi.org/10.2307/2063988
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
