Organizational stressors and police performance

Shane, Jon M.

doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.008

Cited by 389Policing Practices and PerceptionsStress and Burnout ResearchWorkplace Health and Well-being

Organizational stressors and police performance

Open access

Shane, Jon M.·2010·Journal of Criminal Justice

DOI 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.008

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.008

Cites

334 of 334 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The PSQ-Org and PSQ-Op items are not specific to policing and can apply to other PSP professionals; the scales have been used successfully with a wide range of PSP.
“Despite the scale titles, none of the items are specific to policing, such that each item can apply to other PSP professionals; indeed, the scales have been used successfully with a wide range of PSP [28,29,30,31,32].”
From Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
The Instruments section (p. 129) says the PSQ was developed to measure stressors specific to policing, rather than generic stressors applicable across professions. The paper also describes the instruments as unique to police organizations (p. 6). It does not report successful use of the PSQ scales across a wide range of public-safety professions. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Previous research has supported the use of the operational and organizational constructs in a wide variety of PSP occupations, including police, firefighters, paramedics, and corrections.
“Previous research has supported the use of the operational and organizational constructs in a wide variety of PSP occupations, including police [13,28,29], firefighters [30], paramedics [31], and corrections [32].”
From Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
The management structure/philosophy of a PSP organization, and the resulting policy and practices, can constitute daily stressors at work.
“The management structure/philosophy of a PSP organization, and the resulting policy and practices, can constitute daily stressors at work [21].”
From Canadian Public Safety Personnel and Occupational Stressors: How PSP Interpret Stressors on Duty (2020) · cites this paper as [21]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833 · see citing works
The fifth discipline, the art and practice of the learning organization
Senge, P. M. (1991) · Performance + Instruction · doi:10.1002/pfi.4170300510 · Cited by 20,060 · see citing works
Statistical Analysis With Missing Data
Lahiff, M., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289883 · Cited by 17,384 · see citing works
The Balanced Scorecard
Ziegel, E., Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. (1998) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1271199 · Cited by 13,352 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2002) · Cited by 13,211 · see citing works
Emotion And Adaptation
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691 · see citing works
Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign
Karasek, R. A. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392498 · Cited by 12,597 · see citing works
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Hammer, T. H., Anderson, J. F., Gurdon, M. A., Jick, T. D., Petit, A., Stern, R. N., Schwartz, H., Vardi, Y., & Dunnette, M. D. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391755 · Cited by 11,947 · see citing works
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,679 · see citing works
A THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION
Axford, N. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315258324-16 · Cited by 11,329 · see citing works
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Stevens, J. P. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203843130 · Cited by 10,652 · see citing works
Perceived organizational support: a review of the literature.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698 · Cited by 7,592 · see citing works
Men and Women of the Corporation.
Strauss, G., & Kanter, R. M. (1978) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.2307/2522922 · Cited by 7,292 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872 · see citing works
Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency
Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (1957) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089195 · Cited by 5,845 · see citing works
Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5278 · Cited by 5,483 · see citing works
The Stress of Life
Selye, H. (1956) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,224 · see citing works
Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine
Kryger, M. H., Roth, T. G., & Dement, W. C. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-59875-3 · Cited by 5,118 · see citing works
Statistical Analysis With Missing Data
Ghosh, S., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1988) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269814 · Cited by 4,730 · see citing works
A First Course in Factor Analysis
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9781315827506 · Cited by 4,546 · see citing works
Handbook of Personality : Theory and Research
Pervin, L. A. (1992) · Cited by 4,543 · see citing works
Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory
Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2000) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2695870 · Cited by 4,464 · see citing works
Perceived Organizational Support
Dunn, A. M., & Shanock, L. R. (2017) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483386874.n398 · Cited by 4,406 · see citing works
The Concept of Corporate Strategy
Iverson, T., & Andrews, K. R. (1987) · Public Productivity Review · doi:10.2307/3380432 · Cited by 4,127 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1988) · Cited by 4,111 · see citing works
PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT AND LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE: A SOCIAL EXCHANGE PERSPECTIVE.
WAYNE, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. (1997) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/257021 · Cited by 3,792 · see citing works
Bureaucracy: what government agencies do and why they do it
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-4796 · Cited by 3,776 · see citing works
Review of personality and social psychology
Wheeler, L. S., & Shaver, P. R. (1980) · UMI Books on Demand · Cited by 3,593 · see citing works
A First Course in Factor Analysis
Price, B., Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1993) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1993.10485363 · Cited by 3,512 · see citing works
Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas
Lyon, F. E., Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1943) · Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1931-1951) · doi:10.2307/1137187 · Cited by 3,408 · see citing works
The sociological study of stress
Pearlin, L. I. (1989) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136956 · Cited by 3,263 · see citing works
Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity.
Roy, D. F., Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. (1965) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091375 · Cited by 3,016 · see citing works
KEEPING AN EYE ON THE MIRROR: IMAGE AND IDENTITY IN ORGANIZATIONAL ADAPTATION.
Dutton, J. E., & Dukerich, J. M. (1991) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256405 · Cited by 2,931 · see citing works
Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms.
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & DeLongis, A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.50.3.571 · Cited by 2,917 · see citing works
Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & DeLongis, A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.571 · Cited by 2,917 · see citing works
Applied Multivariate Research: Design and Interpretation
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. C., & GUARINO, A. J. (2017) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781071802687 · Cited by 2,883 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2002) · Cited by 2,645 · see citing works
Applied factor analysis
Rummel, R. J. (1970) · Cited by 2,458 · see citing works
Burnout: The Cost of Caring
Maslach, C. (1982) · Cited by 2,389 · see citing works
Stress Without Distress.
Selye, H. (1974) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-81-5-716_1 · Cited by 2,221 · see citing works
Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay
Fligstein, N., & Perrow, C. B. (1990) · Teaching Sociology · doi:10.2307/1318250 · Cited by 2,186 · see citing works
The Burnout Companion to Study and Practice: A Critical Analysis
Schaufeli, W. B., & Enzmann, D. (2020) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003062745 · Cited by 2,184 · see citing works
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
Rinehart, E. C. (1970) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.1970.11773921 · Cited by 2,169 · see citing works
The symbolic uses of politics
Edelman, M. J. (1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,902 · see citing works
Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Pilcher, J. J., & Huffcutt, A. I. (1996) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/19.4.318 · Cited by 1,549 · see citing works
The Self-Concept
Gecas, V. (1982) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.08.080182.000245 · Cited by 1,541 · see citing works
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Schumm, W. R., & Stevens, J. P. (1993) · The American Statistician · doi:10.2307/2685203 · Cited by 1,532 · see citing works
Multiple Imputation for Multivariate Missing-Data Problems: A Data Analyst's Perspective
Schafer, J. L., & Olsen, M. K. (1998) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3304_5 · Cited by 1,518 · see citing works
Advanced and Multivariate Statistical Methods: Practical Application and Interpretation
Mertler, C. A., & Reinhart, R. V. (2001) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 1,469 · see citing works
Criminal Careers and "Career Criminals,"
National Research Council (1986) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/922 · Cited by 1,336 · see citing works
Psychological well-being and job satisfaction as predictors of job performance.
Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (2000) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.84 · Cited by 1,268 · see citing works
The biopsychology of mood and arousal
Thayer, R. E. (1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-1830 · Cited by 1,242 · see citing works
Criminality of place
Brantingham, P. L., & Brantingham, P. (1995) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02242925 · Cited by 1,199 · see citing works
JOB STRESS, EMPLOYEE HEALTH, AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS: A FACET ANALYSIS, MODEL, AND LITERATURE REVIEW1
Beehr, T. A., & Newman, J. E. (1978) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1978.tb02118.x · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works
Justice without trial: Law enforcement in democratic society
Skolnick, J. H. (1975) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(75)90026-4 · Cited by 998 · see citing works
The Functions of the Police in Modern Society.
Clark, J., & Bittner, E. (1972) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2063988 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Low job control and risk of coronary heart disease in whitehall ii (prospective cohort) study
Bosma, H., Marmot, M. G., Hemingway, H., Nicholson, A., Brunner, E. J., & Stansfeld, S. A. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7080.558 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory.
Roseman, I. J. (1984) · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Psychological Stress in the Workplace
Lazarus, R. S. (2020) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003072430-2 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Organizations: Structures, Processes, and Outcomes
Pike, D. L., & Hall, R. H. (1988) · Teaching Sociology · doi:10.2307/1317700 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
The Limits of the Criminal Sanction
Blumberg, A. S., & Packer, H. L. (1969) · University of Pennsylvania Law Review · doi:10.2307/3311024 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Staff Burnout: Job Stress in the Human Services
Cherniss, C. (1980) · Cited by 817 · see citing works
A Theory of Self-Esteem
Cast, A. D., & Burke, P. J. (2002) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2002.0003 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
Job Strain and Cardiovascular Disease
Schnall, P. L., Landsbergis, P. A., & Baker, D. B. (1994) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.15.050194.002121 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Work characteristics predict psychiatric disorder: prospective results from the Whitehall II Study.
Stansfeld, S. A., Fuhrer, R., Shipley, M. J., & Marmot, M. G. (1999) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.56.5.302 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Locus of Control
Lefcourt, H. M. (1991) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-590241-0.50013-7 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Police For The Future
Bayley, D. H. (1994) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195091168.001.0001 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
The mechanisms of job stress and strain
(1984) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(84)90332-0 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 724 · see citing works
BODILY CHANGES IN PAIN, HUNGER, FEAR AND RAGE: AN ACCOUNT OF RECENT RESEARCHES INTO THE FUNCTION OF EMOTIONAL EXCITEMENT
(1954) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1954.tb15286.x · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Work Stress and Employee Health
Ganster, D. C., & Schaubroeck, J. M. (1991) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639101700202 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
NEGOTIATING ORDER IN PATROL WORK: AN ECOLOGICAL THEORY OF POLICE RESPONSE TO DEVIANCE*
KLINGER, D. A. (1997) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00877.x · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Justice Without Trial
Skolnick, J. H. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8312-3_2 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
ANNUAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY, VOL 37
Snijders, T. A. B. (2011) · Annual Review of Sociology · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing : The Evidence
Practices, Skogan, W. G., & Frydl, K. J. (2004) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Police Work: The Social Organization of Policing.
Jermier, J. M., & Manning, P. K. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392375 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Varieties of Police Behavior
Murphy, P. V., & Wilson, J. Q. (1970) · Harvard Law Review · doi:10.2307/1339697 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Treating employees fairly and organizational citizenship behavior: Sorting the effects of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and procedural justice
Moorman, R. H., Niehoff, B. P., & Organ, D. W. (1993) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1007/bf01419445 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Encyclopedia of social measurement
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-5629 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives
Rosenberg, M., & Turner, R. H. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Attitudes Toward the Police: The Effects of Direct and Vicarious Experience
Rosenbaum, D. P., Schuck, A. M., Costello, S. K., Hawkins, D. F., & Ring, M. K. (2005) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611104271085 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Essays in Sociology.
Reid, I. D. A., Weber, M., Gerth, H. H., et al. (1947) · Journal of Educational Sociology · doi:10.2307/2263921 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Research on work-related stress
Cox, T. (2000) · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology
Maxfield, M. G., & Babbie, E. R. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 528 · see citing works
The Measurement of Role Identity
Burke, P. J., & Tully, J. C. (1977) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/55.4.881 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
ORGANIZATION-MOTIVATED AGGRESSION: A RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
O’Leary-Kelly, A. M., Griffin, R. W., & Glew, D. J. (1996) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1996.9602161571 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Community Policing, Chicago Style
Skolnick, J. H., Skogan, W. G., & Hartnett, S. M. (1997) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654535 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
From Max Weber.
Sabine, G. H., Gerth, H. H., & Mills, C. W. (1947) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2182065 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Crime in the United States
Hattis, S. H. (2013) · Bernan Press eBooks · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Book Reviews
Wethington, E. (2000) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2667119 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
National Institute of Justice
Sullivan, L. E., Rosen, M. S., Schulz, D. M., & Haberfeld, M. R. (2004) · Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement · doi:10.4135/9781412952415.n325 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
The police in America: An introduction
(1984) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(84)90020-5 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Men and Their Work. By Everett Cherrington Hughes. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press. 1958. Pp. 184. $4.00.
Jones, F. E. (1959) · The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science · doi:10.2307/139003 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Police Work: The Social Organization of Policing, by Peter K. Manning
Gifford, J. P. (1978) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2149559 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Values and Organizational Structure
Hinings, C. R., Thibault, L., Slack, T., & Kikulis, L. M. (1996) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679604900702 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force, by Jerome H. Skolnick and James J. Fyfe
Perez, D. W. (1993) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2151724 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Working the Street: Police Discretion and the Dilemmas of Reform
Coulam, R. F., & Brown, M. K. (1982) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.2307/3324713 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Determinants of Public Satisfaction with the Police
Weitzer, R., & Tuch, S. A. (2005) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611104271106 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Mental, Physical, and Behavioral Outcomes Associated With Perceived Work Stress in Police Officers
Gershon, R., Barocas, B., Canton, A. N., Li, X., & Vlahov, D. (2008) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854808330015 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Turnaround: how America's top cop reversed the crime epidemic
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-0610 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Two Cultures of Policing: Street Cops and Management Cops.
Hawley, F. F., & Reuss-Ianni, E. (1984) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2579066 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology
Tartaro, C. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003051763 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Social Psychology of Health and Illness
Sanders, G. S., & Suls, J. M. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203762967 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Police Discretion Not to Invoke the Criminal Process: Low-Visibility Decisions in the Administration of Justice
Goldstein, J. (1960) · The Yale Law Journal · doi:10.2307/794445 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Street-Level Bureaucracy and the Analysis of Urban Reform
Lipsky, M. (1971) · Urban Affairs Quarterly · doi:10.1177/107808747100600401 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Creating public value
Moore, M. H. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Puzzles in the study of daily hassles
Lazarus, R. S. (1984) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00845271 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Occupational Stress: Toward a More Integrated Framework
Hart, P. M., & Cooper, C. L. (2001) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781848608368.n6 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Burn-Out: Stages of Disillusionment in the Helping Professions
Katz, J. J. (1982) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.1982.11780496 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Behavioral medicine : changing health lifestyles
Davidson, P. O., & Davidson, S. M. (1980) · Brunner/Mazel eBooks · Cited by 351 · see citing works
The Self-Report Methodology in Crime Research
Junger-Tas, J., & Marshall, I. (1999) · Crime and justice · doi:10.1086/449291 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
The Policeman in the Community.
Clark, J., & Banton, M. (1965) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2090984 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Muscular endurance and surface electromyogram in isometric and dynamic exercise
Hagberg, M. (1981) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1981.51.1.1 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Police stress and well‐being: Integrating personality, coping and daily work experiences
Hart, P. M., Wearing, A. J., & Headey, B. (1995) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1995.tb00578.x · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Sources of occupational stress in the police
Brown, J. M., & Campbell, E. A. (1990) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678379008256993 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Development of two reliable and valid measures of stressors in policing: The operational and organizational police stress questionnaires
McCreary, D. R., & Thompson, M. M. (2006) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.494 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Routine occupational stress and psychological distress in police
Liberman, A., Best, S. R., Metzler, T. J., Fagan, J. A., Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (2002) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639510210429446 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Burn-out: Stages of Disillusionment in the Helping Professions
Louis, D. Z. (1981) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1981.42.373 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Psychology Applied to Work: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Muchinsky, P. M. (1983) · Cited by 289 · see citing works
The failure of success
Marrow, A. J. (1972) · International Linear Collider · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Foundations of health psychology
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-4148 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Occupational Stress and Coronary Heart Disease: A Review and Theoretical Integration
House, J. S. (1974) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136922 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Shedding Light on Police Culture: An Examination of Officers’ Occupational Attitudes
Paoline, E. A. (2004) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611103257074 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 1992
Reaves, B. A. (1993) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e544982011-001 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Justice without Trial: Law Enforcement in a Democratic Society
Lyman, S. M., & Skolnick, J. H. (1967) · California Law Review · doi:10.2307/3479369 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Big-city police
Fogelson, R. M. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Organizational Performance: Recent Developments in Measurement
Kanter, R. M., & Brinkerhoff, D. W. (1981) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.07.080181.001541 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Occupational Stress in the Service Professions
(2003) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203422809 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
COMPARING DELINQUENCY CAREERS IN COURT RECORDS AND SELF‐REPORTS*
Farrington, D. P., Jolliffe, D., Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Hemphill, S. A., & Kosterman, R. (2003) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01009.x · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice
Robinson, C. D., & Walker, S. (1983) · The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) · doi:10.2307/1143331 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Understanding Executive Stress
Cooper, C. L., & Marshall, J. (1978) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-03030-9 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Ranking Police Stressors
Violanti, J. M., & Aron, F. (1994) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1994.75.2.824 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Sleep on the Night Shift: 24‐Hour EEG Monitoring of Spontaneous Sleep/Wake Behavior
Torsvall, L., Åkerstedt, T., Gillander, K., & Knutsson, A. (1989) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb01934.x · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Police stressors: Variations in perception among police personnel
Violanti, J. M., & Aron, F. (1995) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(95)00012-f · Cited by 216 · see citing works
On the nature of organizations
Blau, P. M. (1974) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Polygraph and Interview Validation of Self-Reported Deviant Behavior
Clark, J., & Tifft, L. L. (1966) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2090775 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Policing: A View from the Street
Manning, P. K., & Maanen, J. V. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Relationship of job strain and iso-strain to health status in a cohort of women in the United States
Amick, B. C., Kawachi, I. I., Coakley, E., Lerner, D., Levine, S., & Colditz, G. A. (1998) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.278 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Biological rhythms, sleep and shift work
Johnson, L. C., Tepas, D. I., & Colquhoun, W. P. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Taming the System: The Control of Discretion in Criminal Justice, 1950-1990.
Savelsberg, J. J., & Walker, S. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076090 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Sources of job satisfaction among police officers: A test of demographic and work environment models
Zhao, J. “., Thurman, Q. C., & He, N. “. (1999) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418829900094091 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Police Organization in the Twentieth Century
Reiss (1992) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/449193 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Stress and Policing: Sources and Strategies
Brown, J. M., & Campbell, E. A. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Aspects of police work
Bittner, E. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Performance in Organizations: Determinants and Appraisal.
Stone, T. H., Cummings, L. L., & Schwab, D. P. (1973) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391680 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Ethical Climate Theory, Whistle-blowing, and the Code of Silence in Police Agencies in the State of Georgia
Rothwell, G. R., & Baldwin, J. N. (2006) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9114-5 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The Value of Mission Statements in Public Agencies
Weiss, J. A., & Piderit, S. K. (1999) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024408 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Hours of work: Temporal factors in work-scheduling
(1987) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/0003-6870(87)90250-x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Multilevel Influences on Police Stress
Morash, M., Haarr, R. N., & Kwak, D. (2006) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986205285055 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Behind The Shield
Niederhoffer, A. (1968) · Washington and Lee law review · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Shift work and health.
Shields, M. E. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Sources of Police Stressors, Job Attitudes, and Psychological Distress
Violanti, J. M., & Aron, F. (1993) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3.899 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Stressful Events, Work-Family Conflict, Coping, Psychological Burnout, and Well-Being among Police Officers
Burke, R. J. (1994) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1994.75.2.787 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Organizational Determinants of Police Discretion - the Case of Drinking-Driving
Mastrofski, S., Ritti, R., & Hoffmaster, D. (1987) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(87)90061-4 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Reasoning With Statistics: How To Read Quantitative Research
Williams, F., & Monge, P. R. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Choosing to work at night: A moderating influence on individual tolerance to shift work.
Barton, J. (1994) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.449 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
White collar and professional stress
Cooper, C. L., & Marshall, J. (1980) · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Conduct unbecoming: The social construction of police deviance and control
(1986) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(86)90132-7 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Institutional and Organizational Antecedents of Role Stress, Work Alienation, and Anomie among Police Executives
Crank, J. P., Regoli, R. M., Hewitt, J. D., & Culbertson, R. G. (1995) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854895022002004 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The production of occupational stress in medium-sized police agencies: A survey of line officers in eight municipal departments
Crank, J. P., & Caldero, M. A. (1991) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(91)90031-p · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Stress & well-being at work: Assessments and interventions for occupational mental health.
(1992) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10116-000 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Searching for Stress in All the Wrong Places: Combating Chronic Organizational Stressors in Policing
Stinchcomb, J. B. (2004) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/156142604200227594 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Suicide
Westefeld, J. S., Range, L., Rogers, J. R., Maples, M. R., Bromley, J. L., & Alcorn, J. (2000) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000000284002 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Simulated public speaking as a model of clinical anxiety
McNair, D. M., Frankenthaler, L. M., Czerlinsky, T., White, T. W., Sasson, S., & Fisher, S. (1982) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00436092 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
CITIZEN RATINGS OF THE POLICE: The Difference Contact Makes
DEAN, D. (1980) · Law & Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1980.tb00225.x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Sources of Perceived Organizational Support: Goal Setting and Feedback 1
Hutchison, S., & Garstka, M. L. (1996) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb00075.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Coping processes as mediators of the relationship between hardiness and health
Williams, P., Wiebe, D. J., & Smith, T. W. (1992) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00845354 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Enhancing Police Integrity
(2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-36956-3_12 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
SUSPECT SEARCHES: ASSESSING POLICE BEHAVIOR UNDER THE U.S. CONSTITUTION*
GOULD, J. B., & MASTROFSKI, S. D. (2004) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2004.tb00046.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Occupational Stress
(2020) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003072430 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Mortality from coronary heart disease and physical activity of work in California
Breslow, L., & Buell, P. E. (1960) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(60)90047-3 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Policing the City
Lane, R. (1967) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674493360 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Stress and the police officer
(1985) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(85)90033-9 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Design Sensitivity in Criminal Justice Experiments
Weisburd, D., Petrosino, A., & Mason, G. (1993) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/449216 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Predicting Five Dimensions of Police Officer Stress: Looking More Deeply Into Organizational Settings for Sources of Police Stress
Zhao, J. “., He, N. “., & Lovrich, N. P. (2002) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109861110200500103 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
A critical history of police reform
Walker, S. (1977) · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The Effects of Hardiness, Police Stress, and Life Stress on Police Officers' Illness and Absenteeism
Tang, T. L., & Hammontree, M. (1992) · Public Personnel Management · doi:10.1177/009102609202100406 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Social Exchanges Within Organizations and Work Outcomes
Brandes, P., Dharwadkar, R., & Wheatley, K. (2004) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601103257405 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Extended workdays: Effects of 8-hour and 12-hour rotating shift schedules on performance, subjective alertness, sleep patterns, and psychosocial variables
Rosa, R. R., Colligan, M. J., & Lewis, P. (1989) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678378908256877 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD
Cannon, L. (1998) · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Effects of Work Stress and Social Support on Information Systems Managers*
Weiss, M. (1983) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249075 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Police Corruption: A Sociological Perspective
Cardarelli, A. P., & Sherman, L. W. (1976) · The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) · doi:10.2307/1142954 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Assessing police work experiences: Development of the police daily hassles and uplifts scales
Hart, P. M., Wearing, A. J., & Headey, B. (1993) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(93)90043-m · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Sleepiness, Circadian Dysrhythmia, and Fatigue in Transportation System Accidents
Lauber, J. K., & Kayten, P. J. (1988) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/11.6.503 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Some Central and Peripheral Factors Affecting Human Motoneuronal Output in Neuromuscular Fatigue1
Gandevia, S. C. (1992) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199213020-00004 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Life and Death at Work. Industrial Accidents as a Case of Socially Produced Error
Dodier, N., & Dwyer, T. (1992) · Revue Française de Sociologie · doi:10.2307/3322234 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Job Satisfaction, Burnout, and Perception of Unfair Treatment: The Relationship Between Race and Police Work
Dowler, K. (2005) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611104269787 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Job stress in policemen.
Kroes, W. H., Margolis, B. L., & Hurrell, J. J. (1974) · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Individual differences in reactions to stress and their personality and situational determinants: Some implications for community mental health
Chan, K. B. (1977) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/0037-7856(77)90004-x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Psychosocial factors in coronary heart disease.
French, J. R. P., & Caplan, R. D. (1970) · PubMed · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Fatigue in Operational Settings: Examples from the Aviation Environment
Rosekind, M. R., Gander, P. H., Miller, D. L., Gregory, K. B., Smith, R. M., Weldon, K. J., Co, E. L., Mcnally, K. L., & Lebacqz, J. V. (1994) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872089403600212 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Police Stress Interventions
Amaranto, E. A., Steinberg, J., Castellano, C., & Mitchell, R. (2003) · Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention · doi:10.1093/brief-treatment/mhg001 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Work Stress and Health in a Sample of U.S. Police
Kirkcaldy, B. D., Cooper, C. L., & Ruffalo, P. (1995) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.700 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Organizational Structure
Scott, W. R. (1975) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.01.080175.000245 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Multiple Regression II
Schuerman, J. R. (1983) · International series in social welfare · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6661-1_4 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Demographic and workplace characteristics which add to the prediction of stress and job satisfaction within the police workplace
Davey, J. D., Obst, P. L., & Sheehan, M. C. (2001) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02802731 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Myth of the “Military Model” of Leadership in Law Enforcement
Cowper, T. J. (2000) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611100003003001 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Measuring Occupational Stress: The Job Stress Survey
Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C. (2020) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003072430-7 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
LAW ENFORCEMENT AND THE RULE OF LAW: IS THERE A TRADEOFF?
Bayley, D. H. (2002) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2002.tb00113.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Perception of support from the organization in relation to work stress, satisfaction, and commitment.
Jones, B., Flynn, D. M., & Kelloway, E. K. (1995) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10173-002 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 335 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 20

Baratta, C. R. (1988). The relationship between education and police performance. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Baltimore.
Bostrom, M. D. (2003). The impact of higher education on police officer work habits. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Hamline University.
Brown, 1996, Organization assessment: Determining the state of a police organization, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 14, 267
Cacciope, 1985, The relationship of self-actualization, stress and quality of work experience in senior Australian police officers, Police Studies, 8, 173
Fell, 1980, Psychological job stress and the police officer, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 8, 139
Harrison, 1975, Bureaucratization: Perceptions of role performance and organizational effectiveness, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 3, 319
Harrison, 1987, Perceptions of bureaucratization, role performance and organizational effectiveness in a metropolitan police department, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 15, 262
Heyer, T. (1998). A follow-up study of the prediction of police officer performance on psychological evaluation variables. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Minnesota School of Professional Psychology.
Kahn, 1992, Stress in organizations, Vol. 3, 571
Langworthy, 1985, Administrative overhead in municipal police departments, American Journal of Police, 4, 20
Potts, 1982, Police leadership: Challenges for the eighties, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 10, 181
Reiser, 1974, Some organizational stresses on policemen, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 2, 156
Roosendaal, 2002, SAPS officials—victims of crime: The end result…suicide, Servamus, 98, 20
Talarico, 1983, An analysis of police perceptions of supervisory and administrative support, Police Studies: An International Review of Police Development, 5, 47
Taylor, 2006, Operational and organizational police stress in an Ontario police department: A descriptive study, The Canadian Journal of Police & Security Services, 4, 223
Terry, 1981, Police stress: The empirical evidence, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 9, 61
Ward, 1979, Physiological, psychological and social issues specifically related to the police profession, Law and Order, 27, 12
Weiss, 1986, Issues in the measurement of criminal careers. Chapter 1, 2, 1
White, 1983, Job attitudes and police stress: An exploratory study of causation, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 11, 264
Wolfskill, J.R. (1989). Higher education and police performance. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas.

Sorted by citations

Police stressors and health: a state-of-the-art review
Violanti, J. M., Charles, L. E., McCanlies, E., Hartley, T. A., Baughman, P., Andrew, M. E., Fekedulegn, D., Ma, C. C., Mnatsakanova, A., & Burchfiel, C. M. (2017) · Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-06-2016-0097 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Police Stress, Mental Health, and Resiliency during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Stogner, J. M., Miller, B. L., & McLean, K. D. (2020) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09548-y · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Burnout and Stress Measurement in Police Officers: Literature Review and a Study With the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire
Queirós, C., Passos, F., Bártolo, A., Marques, A. J., da Silva, C. F., & Pereira, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00587 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel
Carleton, R. N., Afifi, T. O., Taillieu, T., Turner, S., Mason, J. E., Ricciardelli, R., McCreary, D. R., Vaughan, A. D., Anderson, G. S., Krakauer, R. L., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17041234 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“Organizational management structure, as well as the resulting policies and practices, can also become sources of daily occupational stress [28].”
BackgroundResult
Police research, officer surveys, and response rates
Nix, J., Pickett, J. T., Baek, H., & Alpert, G. P. (2017) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2017.1394300 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Justice from within: The relations between a procedurally just organizational climate and police organizational efficiency, endorsement of democratic policing, and officer well-being.
Trinkner, R. J., Tyler, T. R., & Goff, P. A. (2016) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/law0000085 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based resilience training to reduce health risk, stress reactivity, and aggression among law enforcement officers: A feasibility and preliminary efficacy trial
Christopher, M. S., Hunsinger, M., Goerling, L. R. J., Bowen, S., Rogers, B. S., Gross, C. R., Dapolonia, E., & Pruessner, J. C. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.059 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Cortisol Awakening Response and Health Outcomes among Law Enforcement Officers
Christopher, M. S., Goerling, R. J., Rogers, B. S., Hunsinger, M., Baron, G., Bergman, A. L., & Zava, D. T. (2016) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-015-9161-x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Stigma, Pluralistic Ignorance, and Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services Among Police Officers
Karaffa, K. M., & Koch, J. M. (2016) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854815613103 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The Role of Job Demands and Job Resources in the Development of Emotional Exhaustion, Depression, and Anxiety Among Police Officers
Maria, A. S., Wörfel, F., Wolter, C., Gusy, B., Rotter, M., Stark, S., Kleiber, D., & Renneberg, B. (2017) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611117743957 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Police suicide: prevalence, risk, and protective factors
Chae, M. H., & Boyle, D. J. (2013) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639511311302498 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Shift Work and Occupational Stress in Police Officers
Claudia, C., Andrew, M. E., Fekedulegn, D. B., Gu, J. K., Hartley, T. A., Charles, L. E., Violanti, J. M., & Burchfiel, C. M. (2014) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2014.10.001 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Job Stress, Burnout and Coping in Police Officers: Relationships and Psychometric Properties of the Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire
Queirós, C. M. L., Passos, F., Bártolo, A., Faria, S., Fonseca, S. M., Marques, A. J., da Silva, C. F., & Pereira, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186718 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The relationship between shift work, perceived stress, sleep and health in Swiss police officers
Gerber, M., Hartmann, T., Brand, S., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U. (2010) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.09.005 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Job Demands, Job Resources, and Well-being in Police Officers—a Resource-Oriented Approach
Wolter, C., Maria, A. S., Wörfel, F., Gusy, B., Lesener, T., Kleiber, D., & Renneberg, B. (2018) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-018-9265-1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Mental Health in the UK Police Force: a Qualitative Investigation into the Stigma with Mental Illness
Edwards, A., & Kotera, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00214-x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Stress, Burnout, and Job Satisfaction
Wang, Y., Zheng, L., Hu, T., & Quanquan, Z. (2014) · Public Personnel Management · doi:10.1177/0091026014535179 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Effort-reward imbalance and overcommitment at work,associations with police burnout
Violanti, J. M., Mnatsakanova, A., Andrew, M. E., Allison, P., Gu, J. K., & Fekedulegn, D. (2018) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611118774764 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Measuring policing stress meaningfully: Establishing norms and cut-off values for the Operational and Organizational Police Stress Questionnaires
McCreary, D. R., Fong, I., & Groll, D. L. (2017) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2017.1363965 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Risk It Out, Risk It Out”: Occupational and Organizational Stresses in Rural Policing
Ricciardelli, R. (2018) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611118772268 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Turnover in large US policing agencies following the George Floyd protests
Adams, I. T., Mourtgos, S. M., & Nix, J. (2023) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2023.102105 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The relationship of work-family conflict with job stress among Indian police officers: a research note
Lambert, E. G., Qureshi, H., Frank, J., Keena, L. D., & Hogan, N. L. (2016) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2016.1210010 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Occupational stress among law enforcement rangers: insights from Uganda
Moreto, W. D. (2015) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605315000356 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Associations Between Police Stress and Alcohol Use: Implications for Practice
Chopko, B. A., Palmieri, P. A., & Adams, R. E. (2012) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2012.719340 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Occupational Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Affective Commitment to Policing Among Taiwanese Police Officers
Kuo, S. (2014) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611114559039 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Policing the COVID-19 pandemic: police officer well-being and commitment to democratic modes of policing
Kyprianides, A., Bradford, B., Beale, M., Savigar-Shaw, L., Stott, C., & Radburn, M. (2021) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2021.1916492 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Changes in Facets of Mindfulness Predict Stress and Anger Outcomes for Police Officers
Bergman, A. L., Christopher, M. S., & Bowen, S. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0522-z · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Canadian Public Safety Personnel and Occupational Stressors: How PSP Interpret Stressors on Duty
Ricciardelli, R., Czarnuch, S., Carleton, R. N., Gacek, J., & Shewmake, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134736 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The management structure/philosophy of a PSP organization, and the resulting policy and practices, can constitute daily stressors at work [21].”
Background
Examining Police Officer Work Stress Using the Job Demands–Resources Model
Frank, J., Lambert, E. G., & Qureshi, H. (2017) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986217724248 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Police Stress and Deleterious Outcomes: Efforts Towards Improving Police Mental Health
Craddock, T. B., & Telesco, G. A. (2021) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-021-09488-1 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Correlates of hopelessness in the high suicide risk police occupation
Violanti, J. M., Andrew, M. E., Mnatsakanova, A., Hartley, T. A., Fekedulegn, D. B., & Burchfiel, C. M. (2015) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2015.1015125 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Organisational psychosocial hazard exposures in UK policing
Houdmont, J., Kerr, R., & Randall, R. (2012) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639511211215522 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout
Vuorensyrjä, M., & Mälkiä, M. (2011) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639511111157474 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Violence and psychological distress among police officers and security guards
Leino, T., SELIN, R., Summala, H., & Virtanen, M. (2011) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqr080 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Associations Between Police Work Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Examining the Moderating Effects of Coping
Violanti, J. M., Claudia, C., Mnatsakanova, A., Fekedulegn, D. B., Hartley, T. A., Gu, J. K., & Andrew, M. E. (2018) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-018-9276-y · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Law Enforcement Officer Safety and Wellness
Mumford, E. A., Taylor, B. G., & Kubu, B. E. (2014) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611114559037 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Police officers, mental (ill-)health and spoiled identity
Bullock, K., & Garland, J. (2017) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895817695856 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Prevalence and Predictors of Suicidal Ideation Among U.S. Law Enforcement Officers
Chopko, B. A., Palmieri, P. A., & Facemire, V. C. (2013) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-013-9116-z · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Understanding the concept of ‘demand’ in policing: a scoping review and resulting implications for demand management
Laufs, J., BOWERS, K. J., Birks, D., & Johnson, S. D. (2020) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2020.1791862 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
How “Conditions of Confinement” Impact “Conditions of Employment”: The Work-Related Well-Being of Provincial Correctional Officers in Atlantic Canada
Ricciardelli, R., & Power, N. G. (2020) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-18-00081 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
An empirical investigation of high-risk occupations
Russell, L. M. (2014) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-10-2012-0227 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Police Staffing Allocation and Managing Workload Demand: A Critical Assessment of Existing Practices
Wilson, J. M., & Weiss, A. (2014) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/pau002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Emotional Labor, Role Characteristics, and Police Officer Burnout in South Korea: The Mediating Effect of Emotional Dissonance
Kwak, H., McNeeley, S., & Kim, S.-H. (2018) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611118757230 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
An Interview Study of the Experiences of Police Officers in Regard to Psychological Contract and Wellbeing
Duran, F., Woodhams, J., & Bishopp, D. (2018) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-018-9275-z · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Job Stress and Work-Family Conflict as Correlates of Job Satisfaction Among Police Officials
Viegas, V., & Henriques, J. (2020) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-020-09388-w · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Surviving the shift: Rural police stress and counseling services.
Page, K. S., & Jacobs, S. C. (2011) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0021796 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
General strain and police misconduct: the role of organizational influence
Bishopp, S. A., WORRALL, J. L., & Piquero, N. L. (2016) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-10-2015-0122 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
It’s not all about guns and gangs: role overload as a source of stress for male and female police officers
Duxbury, L. E., & Halinski, M. J. (2017) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2017.1342644 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The impact of job and family factors on work stress and engagement among Hong Kong police officers
Li, J. C. M., Cheung, J. C. K., & Sun, I. Y. (2018) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-01-2018-0015 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Perceived Impact of Police Work on Marital Relationships
Karaffa, K. M., Openshaw, L. L., Koch, J. M., Clark, H., Harr, C., & Stewart, C. (2014) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/1066480714564381 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Work‐related stress in a humanitarian context: a qualitative investigation.
Jachens, L., Houdmont, J., & Thomas, R. (2018) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/disa.12278 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Does Cardiorespiratory Fitness Moderate the Association between Occupational Stress, Cardiovascular Risk, and Mental Health in Police Officers?
Schilling, R., Colledge, F., Ludyga, S., Pühse, U., Brand, S., & Gerber, M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16132349 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Negative Affective Responses to Stress among Urban Police Officers: A General Strain Theory Approach
Bishopp, S. A., Piquero, N. L., WORRALL, J. L., & Piquero, A. R. (2018) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2018.1436568 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Creating a Culture of Police Officer Wellness
Cohen, I. M., McCormick, A. V., & Rich, B. (2019) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paz001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Identifying Organizational Stressors That Could Be a Source of Discomfort in Police Officers: A Thematic Review
Maran, D. A., Magnavita, N., & Garbarino, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063720 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The impact of the police professional identity on burnout
Schaible, L. M. (2018) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-03-2016-0047 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Psychosocial factors linked to the occupational psychological health of police officers: Preliminary study
Deschênes, A.-A., Desjardins, C., & Dussault, M. (2018) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2018.1426271 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hopelessness in Police Officers and Its Association with Depression and Burnout: A Pilot Study
Civilotti, C., Maran, D. A., Garbarino, S., & Magnavita, N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095169 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The good life: Exploring the effects job stress, job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment on the life satisfaction of police officers
Lambert, E. G., Qureshi, H., & Frank, J. (2021) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/14613557211016494 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Patterns of occupational stress in police contact and dispatch personnel: implications for physical and psychological health
Galbraith, N. D., Boyda, D., McFeeters, D., & Galbraith, V. E. (2020) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-020-01562-1 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Assessment of Stress and Resiliency in Emergency Dispatchers
Steinkopf, B. L., Reddin, R. A., Black, R. A., Hasselt, V. B. V., & Couwels, J. (2018) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-018-9255-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Expendables: A Qualitative Study of Police Officers’ Responses to Organizational Injustice
Reynolds, P. D., Fitzgerald, B. A., & Hicks, J. (2017) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611117731558 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Reducing work-related burnout among police officers: The impact of job rewards and health-oriented leadership
Maria, A. S., Wolter, C., Gusy, B., Kleiber, D., & Renneberg, B. (2020) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x20946805 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“There Was No Plan in Place to Get Us Help”: Strategies for Improving Mental Health Service Utilization Among Law Enforcement
Hofer, M. S., & Savell, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-021-09451-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Qualitative Assessment of Stress Perceptions Among Members of a Homicide Unit
Dabney, D. A., Copes, H., Tewksbury, R., & Hawk, S. R. (2011) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.633542 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Organizational culture, stress, and coping strategies in the police: an empirical investigation
Gutschmidt, D., & Vera, A. (2021) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2021.1958683 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Contemporary police stress: the impact of the evolving socio-political context
Saunders, J. M., Kotzias, V. I., & Ramchand, R. (2019) · Актуальные проблемы экономики и права · doi:10.21202/1993-047x.13.2019.3.1430-1449 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Secondary Traumatic Stress in Italian Police Officers: The Role of Job Demands and Job Resources
Maran, D. A., Zito, M., & Colombo, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01435 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Police Officer Stress and Coping in a Stress-Awareness Era
Edwards, K., Eaton-Stull, Y. M., & Kuehn, S. (2021) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611120984162 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Dispositional mindfulness moderates the relationship between occupational stressors and perceived stress among law enforcement personnel.
Kaplan, J. B., Christopher, M. S., & Bowen, S. (2018) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-017-9246-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Explaining Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Chinese Police Officers
Wu, Y., Sun, I. Y., Ivković, S. K., Maskály, J., Shen, S., & Neyroud, P. (2021) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paab053 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Work-Related Violence, Debriefing and Increased Alcohol Consumption among Police Officers
Leino, T., Eskelinen, K., Summala, H., & Virtanen, M. (2011) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1350/ijps.2011.13.2.229 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Impact of entrepreneurial leadership, Social media, digital technology, Entrepreneurial orientation and innovation on business performance in the handicraft sector: Talent management as mediating construct
Yadav, U. S., Vyas, S., Kanchan, K., Ghosal, I., & yadav, A. K. (2024) · Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1186/s13731-024-00434-z · Cited by 33 · see citing works
UK police custody officers’ psychosocial hazard exposures and burnout
Houdmont, J. (2013) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-11-2012-0109 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Police Stress and Race: Using General Strain Theory to Examine Racial Differences in Police Misconduct
Bishopp, S. A., Piquero, N. L., Piquero, A. R., WORRALL, J. L., & Rosenthal, J. (2020) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128720937641 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“It's all window dressing:” Canadian police officers' perceptions of mental health stigma in their workplace
Bikos, L. J. (2020) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-07-2020-0126 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sex differences in mental disorder symptoms among Canadian police officers: the mediating role of social support, stress, and sleep quality
Angehrn, A., Vig, K. D., Mason, J. E., Stelnicki, A. M., Shields, R. E., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Carleton, R. N. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.1877338 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Police burnout and organizational stress: job and rank associations
Baker, L. D., Richardson, E., Fuessel‐Herrmann, D., Ponder, W. N., & Smith, A. J. (2023) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-01-2023-0004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward Police Officers Seeking Psychological Services
Wheeler, C., Fisher, A., Jamiel, A., Lynn, T. J., & Hill, W. T. (2018) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-018-9293-x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Social support and work engagement in police work
Wolter, C., Maria, A. S., Gusy, B., Lesener, T., Kleiber, D., & Renneberg, B. (2019) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-10-2018-0154 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Workplace stressors for investigative interviewers of child‐abuse victims
Powell, M. B., Guadagno, B. L., & Cassematis, P. (2013) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-05-2012-0039 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Negative Affective Responses to Stress among Urban Police Officers: A General Strain Theory Approach
Bishopp, S. A., Piquero, N. L., WORRALL, J. L., & Piquero, A. R. (2018) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2018.1438069 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Brass Satisfaction: Identifying the Personal and Work-Related Factors Associated With Job Satisfaction Among Police Chiefs
Brady, P. Q., & King, W. R. (2018) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611118759475 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Impact of Mindfulness Training on Spanish Police Officers’ Mental and Emotional Health: a Non-Randomized Pilot Study
Navarrete, J., García-Salvador, M. Á., Cebolla, A., & Baños, R. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01827-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Stressors of police work may come not only from operational aspects, such as traumatic events or work schedules, but also from organizational stressors, such as lack of reward or punishment for infractions, which could even be perceived as a greater source of stress (Shane, 2010).”
Background
Perceived occupational risk of fentanyl exposure among law enforcement
Attaway, P. R., McDonald, H. S., Davidson, P. J., & Kral, A. H. (2021) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103303 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Stress and law enforcers: testing the relationship between law enforcement work stressors and health-related issues
Avdija, A. S. (2014) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2013.878657 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Organizational climate and investigation performance in the Norwegian police: A qualitative study
Lone, J. A., Garnås, A., Myklebust, T., BJØRKLUND, R. A., Hoff, T., & Bjørkli, C. A. (2017) · Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling · doi:10.1002/jip.1474 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Occupational Stress and Work-related Wellbeing of Turkish National Police (TNP) Members
Kula, S. (2011) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · doi:10.13140/2.1.1706.4009 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Influence of organizational stress on reported depressive symptoms among police
Chan, J. F., & Andersen, J. P. (2020) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqaa141 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Understanding Workplace Stress Among Federal Law Enforcement Officers
Sayed, S. A. E., Sanford, S. M., & Kerley, K. R. (2019) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-019-09474-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Measuring Chronic Stress in the Emergency Medical Services
Donnelly, E. A., Chonody, J. M., & Campbell, D. (2014) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2014.965824 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Stress among Italian male and female patrol police officers: a quali-quantitative survey
Maran, D. A., Varetto, A., Zedda, M., & Franscini, M. (2014) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-05-2014-0056 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Perceived organizational support and its interaction with voice on police officers' organizational cynicism, stress and emotional exhaustion
Smith, C. J., Han, Y., Dupré, K. E., & Sears, G. J. (2021) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-07-2021-0093 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Quality of Working Life and the Police
Easton, S., van Laar, D. L., & Marlow-Vardy, R. (2013) · Management Science · Cited by 25 · see citing works
How organizational stressors affect collective organizational citizenship behaviors in the French Police
Molines, M., Sanséau, P., & Adamovic, M. (2017) · International Journal of Public Sector Management · doi:10.1108/ijpsm-02-2016-0043 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Decision-making in highly stressful emergencies: The interactive effects of trait emotional intelligence
Dilawar, S. M., Durrani, D. K., Li, X., & Anjum, M. A. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00231-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Policing during COVID-19: Another day, another crisis
Papazoglou, K., Blumberg, D. M., Schlosser, M. D., & Collins, P. I. (2020) · Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being · doi:10.35502/jcswb.130 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Big Five Personality Traits, Occupational Stress, and Job Satisfaction
Petasis, A., & Economides, O. (2020) · European Journal of Business Management and Research · doi:10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.4.410 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
‘There is no justice in a police department’: a phenomenological study of police experiences
Reynolds, P., & Hicks, J. (2014) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2014.931229 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Influence of Supervisor Support on Job Satisfaction Levels: An Evaluation of Turkish National Police (TNP) Officers in the Istanbul Police Department
Kula, S., & Güler, A. (2014) · International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Authors: Shane, J. M.
Affiliations: John Jay College of Criminal Justice (US)
Corresponding author: Shane, Jon M.
Venue: Journal of Criminal Justice
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-07
Volume: 38
Issue: 4
Pages: 807-818
ISSN: 0047-2352 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.008
OpenAlex: W2074772564
Cited by: 389
References: 335
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 58.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Criminal Justice (publishedVersion)
Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University)
Topics: Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
Keywords: organizational stressors, police performance, police stress, operational stressors, police organization, organizational structure, police departments

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Organizational stressors and police performance

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks