Anger and Aggression: An Essay on Emotion.

Abstract

I. Perspectives on Anger and Aggression.- 1. The Nature of Emotion.- The Place of Emotions in Systems of Behavior.- Emotions Defined.- The Experience and Expression of Emotion.- Anger and Aggression.- Concluding Observations.- 2. Anger and Aggression in Biological Perspective.- Biological Systems of Behavior.- Biological Systems Related to Anger and Aggression.- Central Neural Mechanisms Mediating Anger and Aggression.- Expressive Reactions as Elements in Emotional Syndromes.- Concluding Observations.- 3. Cross-Cultural Variations in Aggressive Syndromes.- Wild-Man Behavior.- Running Amok.- To Nu.- Ikari.- Concluding Observations.- 4. Historical Teachings on Anger.- An Overview of the Issues.- Plato.- Aristotle.- Seneca.- Lactantius.- Aquinas.- Descartes.- Summary and Implications.- Concluding Observations.- 5. Anger and the Law.- The Relationship Between Social Custom and the Law of Homicide.- The Incidence of Homicide.- The Attribution of Anger in Courts of Law.- Temporary Insanity.- Concluding Observations.- 6. Nonnormative Sources of Anger and Aggression.- The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis.- Physiological Arousal.- Aggressive Stimuli.- Extrinsic Motivation.- Implications.- Concluding Observations.- II. Empirical Studies of the Everyday Experience of Anger.- 7. Overview and Methods.- Some Observations on Past and Current Research.- Studies of the Everyday Experience of Anger.- Limitations of Self-Report Data.- Concluding Observations.- 8. Anger as Experienced by the Angry Person: Targets, Instigations, and Motives.- Participants.- The Angry Incidents.- The Target of Anger.- The Instigation to Anger.- The Nature of the Instigation.- Motives for Anger.- Concluding Observations.- 9. Anger as Experienced by the Angry Person: Responses and Consequences.- A Review of Prior Research.- Instrumental Responses During Anger.- Expressive Reactions and Physiological Symptoms.- Reappraisals of the Instigating Conditions.- The Consequences of Anger.- Concluding Observations.- 10. Experiencing Another's Anger.- Procedural Considerations.- The Angry Incidents.- The Nature of the Instigation.- The Motives for Anger.- Responses of the Angry Person as Perceived by the Target.- Recognizing Another's Anger.- The Effects of the Other Person's Anger on the Target.- Concluding Observations.- 11. Differences Between Anger and Annoyance.- Empirical Analyses.- The Diary Records.- A Comparison of Specific Instances of Anger and Annoyance.- Content Analyses of Subjects' Own Descriptions of the Differences Between Anger and Annoyance.- Supplementary Data from Study I.- An Integrative Summary of the Differences Between Anger and Annoyance.- Conceptual Analyses.- Concluding Observations.- 12. Temporal Dimensions of Anger: An Exploration of Time and Emotion.- A Review of Theories.- On Dispositions and Episodes.- On the Duration of Anger.- Concluding Observations.- 13. Differences Between Men and Women in the Everyday Experience of Anger.- The Biological Argument.- The Feminist Argument.- Sex Differences in the Self-Reported Experience of Anger.- A Brief Review of Research on Sex Differences in Anger and Aggression.- Implications.- Concluding Observations.- 14. Epilogue.- A Summary Definition of Anger.- Rules, Norms, and the Appropriate Unit of Analysis for the Study of Emotion.- The Development of Anger in Children.- Anger Gone Awry.- Concluding Observations.- Appendix A. Questionnaire A, Used in Studies I and III for the Description of the Subject's Own Experience of Anger.- Appendix B. Questionnaire B, Used in Study II for the Description of the Subject's Experiences as the Target of Another Person's Anger.- References.- Author Index.