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Economic Growth and the Environment
Open accessAbstract
We examine the reduced-form relationship between per capita income and various environmental indicators. Our study covers four types of indicators: urban air pollution, the state of the oxygen regime in river basins, fecal contamination of river basins, and contamination of river basins by heavy metals. We find no evidence that environmental quality deteriorates steadily with economic growth. Rather, for most indicators, economic growth brings an initial phase of deterioration followed by a subsequent phase of improvement. The turning points for the different pollutants vary, but in most cases they come before a country reaches a per capita income of $8000.
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“In this regard, it is worth mentioning that, in their seminal paper about EKC, Grossman and Krueger (1995) estimated that the EKC turning point where environmental degradation starts declining usually comes when a country reaches a per capita GDP of US$ 8000.”
From Transition in environmental governance in the Brazilian Amazon: emergence of a new pattern of socio-economic development and deforestation (2016) · cites this paper as Grossman and Krueger (1995)
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“While some research found an EKC for specific environmental aspects, e.g., [46-48]”
From Digitalization and the Decoupling Debate: Can ICT Help to Reduce Environmental Impacts While the Economy Keeps Growing? (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
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Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Bennett, Burton G., Kretzschmar, Jan G., Akland, Gerald G., and de Koning, Henk W. "Urban Air Pollution Worldwide," *Environmental Science and Technology*, 1985, 19, 298-304.
- Dockery, Douglas W., et al., "An Association Between Air Pollution And Mortality in Six U.S. Cities," *New England Journal of Medicine*, December 9, 1993, 329, 1753-1759.
- Grossman, Gene M. and Krueger, Alan B., "Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement, in P. Garber, ed., *The U.S.-Mexico Free Trade Agreement*, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1993, 13-56.
- Kormandy, Edward J., ed., *International Handbook of Pollution Control*, New York and Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989.
- Lave, Lester B. and Seskin, E.P., "Air Pollution and Human Health," *Science*, 1970, 169, 723-733.
- Summers, Robert and Heston, Alan, "The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988," *Quarterly Journal of Economics*, May 1989, 106, 327-369.
- Syrquin, Moshe, "Patterns of Structural Change," in H. Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan, *Handbook of Development Economics*, vol. 1, Amsterdam: North Holland, 1989.
- Tobey, James A., "The Effects of Domestic Environmental Policies on Patterns of World Trade: An Empirical Test," *Kyklos*, 1990, 43, 191-209.
- World Resources Institute, *World Resources 1988-89*, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- Venue
- The Quarterly Journal of Economics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1995-05-01
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 353-377
- ISSN
- 0033-5533 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-4650
- OpenAlex
- W2164451921
- Cited by
- 9,901
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1115 · 2025: 979 · 2024: 773 · 2023: 879 · 2022: 842 · 2021: 675 · 2020: 534 · 2019: 481 · 2018: 312 · 2017: 298 · 2016: 250 · 2015: 251 · 2014: 257 · 2013: 232 · 2012: 214
- FWCI
- 83.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Quarterly Journal of Economics (publishedVersion)
- National Bureau of Economic Research (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Energy, Environment, Economic Growth
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Management
- Keywords
- economic growth, environmental quality, per capita income, urban air pollution, fecal contamination, heavy metal contamination, turning points, environmental degradation, income-environment relationship
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