Cited by 3,263Survey Sampling and Estimation TechniquesSurvey Methodology and NonresponseCensus and Population Estimation

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Randomized Response: A Survey Technique for Eliminating Evasive Answer Bias

Warner, Stanley L.·1965·Journal of the American Statistical Association

DOI 10.2307/2283137

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Abstract

For various reasons individuals in a sample survey may prefer not to confide to the interviewer the correct answers to certain questions. In such cases the individuals may elect not to reply at all or to reply with incorrect answers. The resulting evasive answer bias is ordinarily difficult to assess. In this paper it is argued that such bias is potentially removable through allowing the interviewee to maintain privacy through the device of randomizing his response. A randomized response method for estimating a population proportion is presented as an example. Unbiased maximum likelihood estimates are obtained and their mean square errors are compared with the mean square errors of conventional estimates under various assumptions about the underlying population.

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Crossref · 10.1080/01621459.1965.10480775

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Sampling Techniques, Second Edition
G., C. W. (1963)
Unresolved
Some Theory of Sampling
E., D. W. (1950)
Unresolved
Sample Survey Methods and Theory, Volume I
H., H. M. (1953)
Unresolved
Sample Survey Methods and Theory, Volume II
H., H. M. (1953)
Unresolved
Sampling Opinions
F., S. F. (1963)
Unresolved

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Authors: Warner, S. L.
Affiliations: Claremont Graduate University (US)
Corresponding author: Warner, Stanley L.
Venue: Journal of the American Statistical Association
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1965-03
Volume: 60
Issue: 309
Pages: 63-69
ISSN: 0162-1459 (ISSN-L)
1537-274X
DOI: 10.2307/2283137
OpenAlex: W2013823004
Cited by: 3,263
References: 5
Citations by year: 2026: 135 · 2025: 189 · 2024: 224 · 2023: 211 · 2022: 190 · 2021: 219 · 2020: 208 · 2019: 185 · 2018: 171 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 151 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 120 · 2012: 96
FWCI: 2.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of the American Statistical Association (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Census and Population Estimation
Keywords: randomized response, sensitive questions, population proportion estimation, maximum likelihood estimation, mean squared error comparison, survey nonresponse
MeSH terms: Data Collection, Surveys and Questionnaires, Research, Sampling Studies

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Randomized Response: A Survey Technique for Eliminating Evasive Answer Bias

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

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