Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 617

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

RESEARCH NOTES. PERCEPTUAL AND ARCHIVAL MEASURES OF MILES AND SNOW'S STRATEGIC TYPES: A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY.

Shortell, S. M., Zajac, E. J.·1990·Academy of Management Journal

Abstract

Despite the widespread research use of Miles and Snow's typology of strategic orientations, there have been no systematic attempts to assess the reliability and validity of its various measures. The present work provides such an assessment using data collected at two points from over 400 organizations in the hospital industry. We examined dimensions of the typology using both perceptual self-typing and archival data from multiple sources. The results generally support predictions across a variety of measures. Implications for further testing and research are discussed.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/256292

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 2 references

Cited by

See all 617

Metadata

Authors
Shortell, S. M., & Zajac, E. J.
Venue
Academy of Management Journal
Published
1990-12-01
Volume
33
Issue
4
Pages
817-832
ISSN
  • 0001-4273 (ISSN-L)
  • 1948-0989
OpenAlex
W2279279459
Cited by
617
References
2
FWCI
35.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: RESEARCH NOTES. PERCEPTUAL AND ARCHIVAL MEASURES OF MILES AND SNOW'S STRATEGIC TYPES: A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/256292
The paper
Shortell, S. M., & Zajac, E. J. (1990). RESEARCH NOTES. PERCEPTUAL AND ARCHIVAL MEASURES OF MILES AND SNOW'S STRATEGIC TYPES: A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY. Academy of Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.2307/256292

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.