Causality: Some Statistical Aspects
Abstract
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) is currently published by Royal Statistical Society.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
ROSENBAUM, P. R., & RUBIN, D. B. (1983) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/70.1.41 · Cited by 31,241 · see citing works
Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies
Rubin, D. B. (1974) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037350 · Cited by 9,436 · see citing works
The environment and disease: association or causation?
Hill, A. B. (2015) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/0141076814562718 · Cited by 7,302 · see citing works
The analysis of groups of experiments
Yates, F., & Cochran, W. G. (1938) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s0021859600050978 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
(1991) · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Analysis of Binary Data (2nd ed.).
Steffey, D. L., Cox, D. R., & Snell, E. J. (1990) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289625 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Self-citationNOTES ON THE THEORY OF ASSOCIATION OF ATTRIBUTES IN STATISTICS
Yule, G. U. (1903) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/2.2.121 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Misspecified Proportional Hazard Models
Struthers, C. A., & Kalbfleisch, J. D. (1986) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/73.2.363 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Conditional scores and optimal scores for generalized linear measurement-error models
Stefanski, L. A., & Carroll, R. J. (1987) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/74.4.703 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Sensitivity Analysis for Certain Permutation Inferences in Matched Observational Studies
Rosenbaum, P. R. (1987) · Biometrika · doi:10.2307/2336017 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Conditional Permutation Tests and the Propensity Score in Observational Studies
Rosenbaum, P. R. (1984) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1984.10478082 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Regression Models and Non-Proportional Hazards in the Analysis of Breast Cancer Survival
Gore, S. M., Pocock, S., & Kerr, G. R. (1984) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics) · doi:10.2307/2347444 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Measurement error in the generalised linear model
Armstrong, B. (1985) · Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation · doi:10.1080/03610918508812457 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Linear processes and bispectra
Rosenblatt, M. (1980) · Journal of Applied Probability · doi:10.2307/3212945 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Effect of misspecification of regression models in the analysis of survival data
Solomon, P. J. (1984) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/71.2.291 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Analysis of Binary Data. 2nd Edn.
Diamond, I. D., Cox, D. R., & Snell, E. J. (1990) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics) · doi:10.2307/2347766 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationRandomization models for the matched and unmatched 2 × 2 tables
Copas, J. B. (1973) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/60.3.467 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Vandenbroucke, J. P., & PARDOEL, V. P. A. M. (1989) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115156 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Statistical Papers of George Udny Yule (1871-1951)
Fienberg, S. E., Stuart, A., Kendall, M. G., & Yule, G. U. (1973) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1266873 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Propensity Score-Matching Methods for Nonexperimental Causal Studies
Dehejia, R., & Wahba, S. (2002) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/003465302317331982 · Cited by 4,777 · see citing works
Causal effects in nonexperimental studies: Reevaluating the evaluation of training programs
Dehejia, R. H., & Wahba, S. (1999) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1999.10473858 · Cited by 2,395 · see citing works
Causal diagrams for empirical research
PEARL, J. (1995) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/82.4.669 · Cited by 2,355 · see citing works
Strategic Human Resources Management: Where Do We Go From Here?
Becker, B. E., & Huselid, M. A. (2006) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206306293668 · Cited by 1,508 · see citing works
Statistical Thinking in Empirical Enquiry
Wild, C. J., & Pfannkuch, M. (1999) · International Statistical Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.1999.tb00442.x · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
Using Narrative in Social Research
Elliott, J. (2005) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9780857020246 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Dissecting the Social: On the Principles of Analytical Sociology
Hedstrom, P. (2005) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511488801 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
Causal Effects in Non-Experimental Studies: Re-Evaluating the Evaluation of Training Programs
Dehejia, R., & Wahba, S. (1998) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w6586 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences: An Introduction
Imbens, G. W., & Rubin, D. B. (2015) · Thammasat University Digital Collections · Cited by 838 · see citing works
(2005) · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Propensity Score Matching Methods for Non-Experimental Causal StudiesPreprint
Dehejia, R., & Wahba, S. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1084955 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Modeling the effects of health on economic growth
Bhargava, A., Jamison, D. T. T., Lau, L. J., & Murray, C. J. L. (2001) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/s0167-6296(01)00073-x · Cited by 694 · see citing works
The Multi-dimensional Analysis of Social Exclusion
Levitas, R., Pantazis, C., Fahmy, E., Gordon, D., Lloyd, E., & Patsios, D. (2007) · UEL Research Repository (University of East London) · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Reporting Analyses of Covariance Structures
Boomsma, A. (2000) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem0703_6 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Untangling the Causal Effects of Sex on Judging
Boyd, C. L., Epstein, L., & Martin, A. D. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00437.x · Cited by 592 · see citing works
The Econometrics of Randomized Experiments
Athey, S. C., & Imbens, G. W. (2017) · Handbook of economic field experiments · doi:10.1016/bs.hefe.2016.10.003 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Burgess, S., Daniel, R. M., Butterworth, A. S., Thompson, S. G., & the EPIC-InterAct Consortium (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyu176 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
1. The Scientific Model of Causality
Heckman, J. J. (2005) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.0081-1750.2006.00164.x · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Inference for Non-random Samples
Copas, J. B., & Li, H. G. (1997) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/1467-9868.00055 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Multichannel Shopping: Causes and Consequences
Venkatesan, R., Kumar, V., & Равишанкер, Н. (2007) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.71.2.114 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Using the Propensity Score Method to Estimate Causal Effects
Li, M. (2012) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428112447816 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Stewart‐Oaten, A., & Bence, J. R. (2001) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/0012-9615(2001)071[0305:tasvie]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Propensity Score Matching Methods for Non-Experimental Causal StudiesPreprint
Rajeev, D., & Wahba, S. (1999) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.138259 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Causation in epidemiology: Table 1
Parascandola, M. J., & Weed, D. L. (2001) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.55.12.905 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Mysterud, A., Stenseth, N. C., Yoccoz, N. G., Ottersen, G., & Langvatn, R. (2003) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1029/134gm11 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Linear Dependencies Represented by Chain Graphs
Cox, D. R., & Wermuth, N. (1993) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1177010887 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Self-citationDriving innovation: Public policy and human capital
Lenihan, H., McGuirk, H., & Murphy, K. R. (2019) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2019.04.015 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Causal Inference About the Effects of Interventions From Observational Studies in Medical Journals
Dahabreh, I. J., & Bibbins-Domingo, K. (2024) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2024.7741 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
An Algorithm for Deciding if a Set of Observed Independencies Has a Causal Explanation
Verma, T. S., & Pearl, J. (1992) · Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-8287-9.50049-9 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Instrumental Variables: An Econometrician's Perspective
Imbens, G. W. (2014) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/14-sts480 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
2 Education as a lifelong process
Blossfeld, H., & von Maurice, J. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-011-0179-2 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Lomi, A., Snijders, T. A. B., Steglich, C., & Torlò, V. J. (2011) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.06.010 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Imbens, G. W. (2020) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20191597 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Integrating Archaeological Theory and Predictive Modeling: a Live Report from the Scene
Verhagen, P., & Whitley, T. G. (2011) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/s10816-011-9102-7 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Propensity Score Matching Methods for Non-experimental Causal Studies
Dehejia, R., & Wahba, S. (1998) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w6829 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Education as a Lifelong Process
Blossfeld, H., & von Maurice, J. (2019) · Edition ZfE · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-23162-0_2 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Causal Inference in the Social and Behavioral Sciences
Sobel, M. E. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1292-3_1 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Harms, R., & Linton, J. D. (2015) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12301 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Applied Bayesian Modeling And Causal Inference From Incomplete-Data Perspectives
Gelman, A., & Xiaoli, M. (2014) · Cited by 152 · see citing works
When the test of mediation is more powerful than the test of the total effect
O’Rourke, H. P., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2014) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0481-z · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Czyż, W., Morahan, J., Ebers, G., & Ramagopalan, S. (2012) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-93 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Abbas, F., & Choudhury, N. (2012) · Journal of Policy Modeling · doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2012.09.001 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Causation and Explanation in Social Science
Brady, H. E. (2009) · The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0010 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Cox, D. R., & Wermuth, N. (2004) · International Statistical Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2004.tb00237.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationUntangling the Causal Effects of Sex on JudgingPreprint
Boyd, C. L., Epstein, L., & Martin, A. D. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1001748 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Sociology as a Population Science
Goldthorpe, J. H. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316412565 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
From Bayesian Networks to Causal Networks
Pearl, J. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1424-8_9 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Causality and Causal Modelling in the Social Sciences
Federica Russo, B. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8817-9 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Hoffmann, R., Kröger, H., & Pakpahan, E. (2018) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2018.02.002 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Deracializing Social Statistics: Problems in the Quantification of Race
Zuberi, T. (2000) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/000271620056800113 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Teaching Statistical Inference for Causal Effects in Experiments and Observational Studies
Rubin, D. B. (2004) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986029003343 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Studying Mechanisms To Strengthen Causal Inferences In Quantitative Research
Hedström, P. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0013 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
A Glimpse of the Secret Connexion: Harmonizing Mechanisms with Counterfactuals
Psillos, S. (2004) · Perspectives on Science · doi:10.1162/1063614042795426 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Causality, Mediation and Time: A Dynamic Viewpoint
Aalen, O. O., Røysland, K., Gran, J. M., & Ledergerber, B. (2012) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.2011.01030.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Imbens, G. W. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26104 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Do We Necessarily Need Longitudinal Data to Infer Causal Relations?
Wunsch, G. J., Federica Russo, B., & Mouchart, M. (2010) · Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique · doi:10.1177/0759106309360114 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Hoffmann, R., Kröger, H., & Geyer, S. (2019) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-018-1871-x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Animal Welfare and the Intensification of Animal Production
Fraser, D. J. (2008) · The international library of environmental, agricultural and food ethics/The International library of environmental, agricultural and food ethics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8722-6_12 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Longitudinal influences of managerial support on employee well-being
Moyle, P. (1998) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678379808256847 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Cumulative Inequalities over the Life-Course: Life-long Learning and Social Mobility in Britain
Bukodi, E. (2016) · Journal of Social Policy · doi:10.1017/s0047279416000635 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Mai, P., & Kincaid, D. L. (2006) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730600614045 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Graphical models for multivariate time series from intensive care monitoring
Ursula Gather, C., Imhoff, M., & Fried, R. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1209 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
(2005) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.0081-1750.2006.00163.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Vocational training in India: determinants of participation and effect on wages
Kumar, R., Mandava, S., & Gopanapalli, V. S. (2019) · Empirical research in vocational education and training · doi:10.1186/s40461-019-0078-y · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Problems in the Analysis of Environmental Monitoring Data
Stewart‐Oaten, A. (1996) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012627255-0/50009-4 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Exploring the Potential of Distributed Computing Continuum Systems
Donta, P. K., Murturi, I., Pujol, V. C., Sedlak, B., & Dustdar, S. (2023) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers12100198 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Joseph M. Juran, a perspective on past contributions and future impact
Godfrey, A. B., & Kenett, R. S. (2007) · Quality and Reliability Engineering International · doi:10.1002/qre.861 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Causality in complex interventions
Rickles, D. P. (2008) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-008-9140-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Data, generative models, and mechanisms: More on the principles of analytical sociology
Manzo, G. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118762707.ch01 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Principal Stratification Designs to Estimate Input Data Missing Due to Death
Frangakis, C., Rubin, D. B., An, M., & MacKenzie, E. J. (2007) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2007.00847_1.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Variables, Mechanisms, and Simulations : Can the Three Methods Be Synthesized ?
Manzo, G. (2007) · Revue Française de Sociologie · doi:10.3917/rfs.485.0035 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
When can association graphs admit a causal interpretation?
Pearl, J., & Wermuth, N. (1994) · Lecture notes in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2660-4_21 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Kincaid, D. L., & Do, M. P. (2006) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730600974522 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Ethics of Sustainable Agricultural Intensification
Thompson, P. B. (2008) · The international library of environmental, agricultural and food ethics/The International library of environmental, agricultural and food ethics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8722-6_1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cimino, S., Cerniglia, L., Ballarotto, G., Marzilli, E., Pascale, E., D'Addario, C., Adriani, W., Maremmani, A., & Tambelli, R. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16142567 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
On exchangeable, causal and cascading failures
Lindley, D. V., & Singpurwalla, N. D. (2002) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1030550862 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Using Statistics to Determine Causal Relationships
Reiter, J. P. (2000) · American Mathematical Monthly · doi:10.1080/00029890.2000.12005156 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
On causality and mutual information
Solo, V. (2008) · IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) · doi:10.1109/cdc.2008.4738640 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Unit–Treatment Interaction and Its Practical Consequences
Gadbury, G. L., & Iyer, H. K. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00882.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Randomization Inference and Bias of Standard Errors
Gadbury, G. L. (2001) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1198/000313001753272268 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Dodge, Y., & Yadegari, I. (2009) · Metrika · doi:10.1007/s00184-009-0273-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Causation and Explanation in Social Science
Brady, H. E. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.013.0049 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Putting a Bridle on Irrationality: An Appraisal of Van Fraassen’s New EpistemologyPreprint
Psillos, S. (2004) · PhilSci-Archive (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Rubin, D. (2007) · Handbook of statistics · doi:10.1016/s0169-7161(07)27002-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Evidential Pluralism in the Social Sciences
Shan, Y., & Williamson, J. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003143000 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Why Are There so Few Formal Measuring Instruments in Social and Political Research?
Heath, A., & Martin, J. (1997) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118490013.ch3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Authier, M., Peltier, H., Dorémus, G., Dabin, W., Canneyt, O. V., & Ridoux, V. (2014) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-014-0741-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Riveras-Muñoz, N., Seitz, S., Witzgall, K., Rodríguez, V., Kuhn, P. E., Mueller, C. W., Oses, R., Seguel, Ó., Wagner, D., & Scholten, T. (2022) · SOIL · doi:10.5194/soil-8-717-2022 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Treatment Heterogeneity and Individual Qualitative Interaction
Poulson, R. S., Gadbury, G. L., & Allison, D. B. (2012) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2012.671724 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
New Methods for Estimating the Impact of Health Communication Programs
Babalola, S. O., & Kincaid, D. L. (2009) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312450902809706 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Rosenbaum, P. R. (1995) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2443-1_1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Khan, M. M., Ahmed, S. S., & Khan, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.759241 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Marzilli, E., Cerniglia, L., Cimino, S., & Tambelli, R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315582 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Causality in Econometrics: Choice vs Chance
Imbens, G. W. (2022) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta21204 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
GENERATIVE MODELS AND EXPLANATORY RESEARCH: ON THE SOCIOLOGY OF AAGE B. SØRENSEN
Hedström, P. (2004) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/s0276-5624(04)21002-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Oman, S., & Taylor, M. (2018) · Journal of Cultural Economy · doi:10.1080/17530350.2018.1435422 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
From means to meaning in the study of sex/gender differences and similarities
Sanchis‐Segura, C., & Wilcox, R. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2024.101133 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Causal Inference from Series of Events
Pötter, U. (2001) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/17.1.21 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Randomization Tests for Small Samples: An Application for Genetic Expression Data
Gadbury, G. L., Page, G. P., Heo, M., Mountz, J. D., & Allison, D. B. (2003) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics) · doi:10.1111/1467-9876.00410 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Can We Establish Causality with Statistical Analyses? The Example of Epidemiology
Frick, U., & Rehm, J. (2016) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118947074.ch17 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cox, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Cox, D. R.
- Venue
- Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society)
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1992
- Volume
- 155
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 291
- ISSN
- 0964-1998 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1983225354
- Cited by
- 277
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Keywords
- causality, causal inference
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review