Andean Value Systems and the Development of Prehistoric Metallurgy
Abstract
The rich development of metallurgical technology that arose and was sustained in the New World prior to the Spanish invasion in the 16th century took place in the Andean zone of western South America in that area which is today Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia. Although Andean peoples supported a highly sophisticated metallurgical tradition with the production of a broad range of metals and metal alloys, little interest or attention has been paid to Andean metallurgy, perhaps because archaeologists and historians cannot boast of a age or an iron age as characteristic of New World prehistory. Iron metallurgy was never developed in the Andes. Although both ancient varieties of bronze were invented there-the alloys of copper and arsenic and of copper and tin-and tin bronze was widely used and disseminated throughout its vast empire by the Inca dynasty, nevertheless these metals did not have the same impact on Andean civilization that they had among peoples of Europe and the ancient Near East.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Indigenous Andean metalwork techniques were inseparable from concepts of material and purity.
“while indigenous Andean metalwork techniques were inseparable from concepts of material and purity (Lechtman 1984).”
From Art (Pre)History: Ritual, Narrative and Visual Culture in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe (2020) · cites this paper as Lechtman 1984
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hodder, I., & Hutson, S. R. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511814211 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Social agency and the dynamics of prehistoric technology
Dobres, M., & Hoffman, C. R. (1994) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/bf02231876 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
“In fact, the object is not that object unless it contains within it the essential quali t y . . . " (Lechtman, 1984, p. 30).”
BackgroundInfluentialTHE CHALLENGE OF ‘TECHNOLOGICAL CHOICES’FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE APPROACHES IN ARCHAEOLOGY*
Sillar, B., & Tite, M. S. (2000) · Archaeometry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2000.tb00863.x · Cited by 368 · see citing works
“Furthermore, it should be remembered that the choices of materials and techniques are embedded within and, therefore, may be dependent on wider cultural values and ideological concepts that stretch well beyond any single technology (Lechtman 1984; Sillar 1996).”
BackgroundCostin, C. L. (2001) · Archaeology at the Millennium · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72611-3_8 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Archaeological Theory and Scientific Practice
Jones, A. M. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606069 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Strategies for the Fabrication of Porous Platinum Electrodes
Kloke, A., von Stetten, F., Zengerle, R., & Kerzenmacher, S. (2011) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201102182 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The Age of Clay: The Social Dynamics of House Destruction
Stevanović, M. (1997) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1006/jaar.1997.0310 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
30 years of electroless plating for semiconductor and polymer micro-systems
Shacham‐Diamand, Y., Ōsaka, T., OKINAKA, Y., et al. (2014) · Microelectronic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mee.2014.09.003 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Costin, C. L., & Earle, T. (1989) · American Antiquity · doi:10.2307/280677 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Modeling the Roles of Craft Production in Ancient Political Economies
Schortman, E., & Urbán, P. (2004) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1023/b:jare.0000023712.34302.49 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The Archaeology of Etruscan Society
Izzet, V. E. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511735189 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The Use of Ethnoarchaeology for the Archaeological Study of Ceramic Production
Costin, C. L. (2000) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1023/a:1026523023550 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Gender and prehistoric technology: On the social agency of technical strategies
Dobres, M. (1995) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980291 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“mental templates and cultural attitudes about what constitute right and wrong ways to make and use material culture, as many symbolic and stylistic studies of technologies have begun to demonstrate (for example Adams 1971, 1977; Childs and Killick 1993; Lechtman 1984; Lemonnier 1990; van der Leeuw and Papousek 1992).”
BackgroundBeyond Art: Toward an Understanding of the Origins of Material Representation in Europe
White, R. (1992) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002541 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Social constructionist approaches to the study of technology
Killick, D. J. (2004) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/0043824042000303746 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Under this umbrella I include: (1) advocates of technological style (e.g. Lechtman and Merrill 1977; Lechtman 1984; Childs 1991; Hosler 1994) and technological choice (e.g. Lemonnier 1992, 1993; Gosselain 1998); (2) proponents of practice theory (e.g. Dietler and Herbich 1998; Dobres and Hoffman…”
BackgroundInfluentialFour-thousand-year-old gold artifacts from the Lake Titicaca basin, southern Peru
Aldenderfer, M. S., Craig, N., Speakman, R. J., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0710937105 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“From very early times, gold functioned in ceremonial, ritual, and mortuary contexts (12, 13, 29).”
BackgroundArchaeometallurgy: The Study of Preindustrial Mining and Metallurgy
Killick, D. J., & Fenn, T. R. (2012) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145719 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Robb, J. (1998) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.27.1.329 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Dobres, M. (2009) · Cambridge Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/cje/bep014 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Roynesdal, A. K., Amundrud, B., & Hannaes, H. R. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 93 · see citing works
New Approaches in the Search for Meaning? A Review of Research in “Paleolithic Art“
Conkey, M. W. (1987) · Journal of Field Archaeology · doi:10.1179/jfa.1987.14.4.413 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
How Machines Make History, and how Historians (And Others) Help Them to Do So
Misa, T. J. (1988) · Science Technology & Human Values · doi:10.1177/016224398801303-410 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Swenson, E. (2014) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/s10816-014-9202-2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Ulysses without sails: trade, distance, knowledge and power in the early Cyclades
Broodbank, C. (1993) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438243.1993.9980211 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
HuayrachinasandTocochimbos: Traditional Smelting Technology of the Southern Andes
Buren, M. V., & Mills, B. H. (2005) · Latin American Antiquity · doi:10.2307/30042484 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A compositional analysis of pottery vessels associated with the Inca ritual of capacocha
Bray, T. L., Minc, L. D., Ceruti, M. C., et al. (2005) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2004.11.001 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Unraveling the polychromy and antiquity of the Pachacamac Idol, Pacific coast, Peru
Sepúlveda, M., Pozzi-Escot, D., Falcón, R. Á., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226244 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Sillar, B. (1996) · Journal of Material Culture · doi:10.1177/135918359600100301 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The technology of warfare was instead dependent on crushing blows and projectiles (Lechtman, 1984).”
BackgroundArchaeological Theories and Archaeological Sciences
Martinón‐Torres, M., & Killick, D. J. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199567942.013.004 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Craft Production, Exchange, and Political Power in the Pre-Incaic Andes
Vaughn, K. J. (2006) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-006-9007-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Second, contrary to traditional expectations, many new “crafts” in the Andes were not innovations made to improve technological “efficiency” or to facilitate functional requirements (D’Altroy, 2002, p. 289; Lechtman, 1984, p. 286).”
BackgroundResult12 What Do Things Want? Object Design as a Middle Range Theory of Material Culture
Robb, J. (2015) · Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association · doi:10.1111/apaa.12069 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Swenson, E., & Warner, J. (2012) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2012.01.010 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Staller, J. E. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-76910-3_9 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Analysis of the spectacular gold and silver from the Moche tomb ‘Señora de Cao’
Cesareo, R., Jordán, R. F., Fernández, A., et al. (2016) · X-Ray Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/xrs.2680 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Structural Paradox: Moche Culture as Political Ideology
Bawden, G. (1995) · Latin American Antiquity · doi:10.2307/971675 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
What is a Burin? Typology, Technology, and Interregional Comparison
Tomášková, S. (2005) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/s10816-005-5666-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…of production, use, and lives of material objects, including the chaı̂ne opératoire and performance-based life history approaches (e.g., Bleed, 2001; Lechtman, 1977, 1984; Lemonnier, 1986, 1992; Moloney and Shott, 2003; Schiffer, 2001; Schiffer and Skibo, 1997; Sinclair, 1995; Skibo and…”
Mobile Technologies in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108908047 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hörz, G., & Kallfass, M. (2000) · Materials Characterization · doi:10.1016/s1044-5803(00)00093-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Paleo‐inspired Systems: Durability, Sustainability, and Remarkable Properties
Bertrand, L., Gervais, C., Mašić, A., & Robbiola, L. (2017) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201709303 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Techniques of gilding and surface-enrichment in pre-Hispanic American metallurgy
Bray, W. (1993) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-1611-9.50020-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Copper production in late prehispanic northern Chile
Zori, C., Tropper, P., & Scott, D. A. H. (2012) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.09.012 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Salazar, D., Niemeyer, H. M., Tricallotis, H. H., et al. (2014) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2014.04.008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Furthermore, different authors have claimed that in the Andes raw materials and technological processes may be fundamental in an object’s symbolic meaning (i.e. Lechtman, 1984; Nielsen, 2007; Torres and Repke, 2006).”
BackgroundArchaeological Approaches to Obsidian Quarries: Investigations at the Quispisisa Source
Tripcevich, N., & Contreras, D. A. (2012) · Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology/Interdisciplinary contributions to archaeology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5200-3_2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Objects may accrue meaning by virtue of cultural biographies (Gosden and Marshall 1999 ) , and possession of particular objects could have been bound to social ties resulting from such objects being traded and transported across the landscape (Lechtman 1984 ; Saunders, 2004 ).”
BackgroundArt (Pre)History: Ritual, Narrative and Visual Culture in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe
Robb, J. (2020) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/s10816-020-09471-w · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“For instance, pattern in Aboriginal art embodies concepts of ancestral spiritual power (Morphy 1992), while indigenous Andean metalwork techniques were inseparable from concepts of material and purity (Lechtman 1984).”
BackgroundMultilayered artifacts in the pre-Columbian metallurgy from the North of Peru
Cesareo, R., Bustamante, A. D., Fabian, J. S., et al. (2013) · Applied Physics A · doi:10.1007/s00339-013-7738-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The following may be observed concerning previous metallurgical analyses of objects from the period ∼1200 BC to ∼1000 AD [12–41]: • Various Chavín objects were analyzed [13, 14]; Fig.”
BackgroundDepletion gilding, innovation and life-histories: the changing colours of Nahuange metalwork
Sáenz-Samper, J., & Martinón‐Torres, M. (2017) · Antiquity · doi:10.15184/aqy.2017.97 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Heather Lechtman’s pioneering research helped in understanding the technical sophistication of depletion-gilding techniques; she also proposed interpretive models to explain this particular cultural choice (Lechtman 1973, 1977, 1984, 1988).”
BackgroundMorris, C. (1995) · Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology/Interdisciplinary contributions to archaeology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1097-4_13 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Procurement at the Chivay obsidian source, Arequipa, Peru
Tripcevich, N., & Mackay, A. (2011) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438243.2011.581447 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Thus in some contexts the brightness, aqueous appearance and unusual fracture properties of this natural glass may have had important associations, for example, with the power of the volcanic landforms from which it derives (Lechtman 1984: 33–6; Saunders 1998; Tripcevich 2010: 69).”
BackgroundImagery in cultural tradition and innovation
Keller, C. M., & Keller, J. D. (1999) · Mind Culture and Activity · doi:10.1080/10749039909524711 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Zori, C. (2019) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-019-09128-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Huastec Region: A Second Locus for the Production of Bronze Alloys in Ancient Mesoamerica
Hosler, D., & Stresser-Péan, G. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.257.5074.1215 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kosiba, S. (2019) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.13261 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hornborg, A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108340946 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Archaeomaterials, Innovation, and Technological Change
Erb‐Satullo, N. L. (2020) · Advances in Archaeomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.aia.2020.11.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Laboratory evidence of the use of metal tools at Machu Picchu (Peru) and environs
Gordon, R. B. (1985) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/0305-4403(85)90036-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ceramic Change in Ethnoarchaeological Perspective: A Kalinga Case Study
Stark, M. T. (1991) · ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hodder, I., & Hutson, S. R. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511814211.012 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Plasma cleaning and analysis of archeological artefacts from Sip n
Olschewski, E. S., da Matta, J. A. S., Alva, W., et al. (2003) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/0022-3727/36/7/313 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
An Overview of Peruvian Archaeology (1976-1986)
Burger, R. L. (1989) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.an.18.100189.000345 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“the Old World, in part because the technological choices made often expressed the deeper structures and values of these Andean societies (169).”
BackgroundAn Introduction to Stone Artifact Analysis
Clarkson, C., & O’Connor, S. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781394260966.ch6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Symbolism of Obsidian in Postclassic Central Mexico
Pastrana, A., & Athie, I. (2014) · University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.5876/9781607323013.c003 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Coe, M. M. (2021) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101325 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Metallurgy in Southern South America
Cooke, C. A., Abbott, M. B., & Wolfe, A. P. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9628 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Relating visual and technological styles in Tibetan sculpture analysis
Reedy, C. L., & Reedy, T. J. (1994) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438243.1994.9980247 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Finding Harappan seal carvers: An operational sequence approach to identifying people in the past
Green, A. S. (2016) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.06.008 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ritual Use of Obsidian from Maya Caves in Belize: A Functional and Symbolic Analysis
Stemp, W. J., & Awe, J. J. (2014) · University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.5876/9781607323013.c008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Silver Mines of the Northern Lake Titicaca Basin
Schultze, C. A. (2012) · Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology/Interdisciplinary contributions to archaeology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5200-3_11 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Microchemical Investigation of Long-Term Buried Gilded and Silvered Artifacts From Ancient Peru
Ingo, G. M., Albini, M., Bustamante, A. D., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Materials · doi:10.3389/fmats.2020.00230 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Diffusion of Irrigation Technologies in the Sahara in Antiquity
Wilson, A. I., Mattingly, D. J., & Sterry, M. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108908047.004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Technological rejection in regions of early gold innovation revealed by geospatial analysis
Erb‐Satullo, N. L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98514-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
LAS TUMBAS DE SACSAHUAMAN Y EL ESTILO CUZCO-INCA
Julien, C. (1987) · Ñawpa Pacha · doi:10.1179/naw.1987.25-27.1.001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Work of Metallurgical Artificers at Machu Picchu, Peru
Rutledge, J. W., & Gordon, R. B. (1987) · American Antiquity · doi:10.2307/281600 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Naipes : Functions and Significance of Middle Sicán Standardized Sheetmetal Artifacts
Shimada, I., & Merkel, J. F. (2021) · Ñawpa Pacha · doi:10.1080/00776297.2021.1878618 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“For the Andean mind that clearly valued gold, silver and their colors (Lechtman 1984, 1988), the last attribute may have been quite important (Shimada et al. 1999).”
BackgroundEthnoarchaeological and Historical Methods
Iles, L., & Childs, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9017-3_9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
From bodies to bones: death and mobility in the Lake Titicaca basin, Bolivia
Smith, S. C., & Arias, M. P. (2015) · Antiquity · doi:10.15184/aqy.2014.32 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Additionally, the plaster coating gave them a bright white colour, possibly as a way of enhancing or revealing the essence of the bone itself, similar to the Andean metallurgical processes described by Lechtman (1984).”
BackgroundThe work of surfaces: object worlds and techniques of enhancement in the ancient Andes
Lau, G. F. (2010) · Journal of Material Culture · doi:10.1177/1359183510373986 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Unlike many early metallurgical traditions, which focused on hardness, efficiency or the durability of metalwork, what was precious about metals for many Andeans was their colour (Helms, 1981; Lechtman, 1984).”
BackgroundInfluentialMetalurgia prehispánica en las sociedades costeras del norte de Chile (quebrada Mamilla, Tocopilla)
Salazar, D., Figueroa, V., Mille, B., et al. (2010) · Estudios Atacameños Arqueología y antropología surandinas · doi:10.4067/s0718-10432010000200003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gutiérrez, J. A., & Ciro, E. (2022) · Journal of Political Power · doi:10.1080/2158379x.2022.2031109 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The indigenous populations have been familiar with the art of goldsmithing for millennia, which reflected status, power, and devotion, but was not used for capital accumulation (Lechtman 1984, 1991, Reichel-Dolmatoff 1988).”
BackgroundArchaeology and the Social Study of Technological Innovation
Geselowitz, M. N. (1993) · Science Technology & Human Values · doi:10.1177/016224399301800207 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cesareo, R., Bustamante, A. D., Fabian, J. S., et al. (2011) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
We are not alone: conceptualizing people-things relationship in Oromo community in North America.
Wayessa, B. S. (2017) · Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies · doi:10.29333/ejecs/60 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Elucidating the Origin of Middle Atlantic Pre-Contact Copper Artifacts Using Laser Ablation ICP–MS
Lattanzi, G. D. (2008) · North American Archaeologist · doi:10.2190/na.29.3-4.f · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Parry, W. J. (2014) · University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.5876/9781607323013.c010 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Levine, M. N. (2014) · University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.5876/9781607323013.c006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Glass Beads in African Society
Robertshaw, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108908047.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Obsidian and Household Ritual at Xochitecatl-Cacaxtla
Puche, M. C. S., Arce, J. C. L., & Méndez, M. B. G. (2014) · University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.5876/9781607323013.c009 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kałaska, M., Syczewski, M. D., Kotowski, J., et al. (2020) · Archaeometry · doi:10.1111/arcm.12598 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ho, J. W. I., & Erb‐Satullo, N. L. (2021) · Archaeometry · doi:10.1111/arcm.12668 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Instead, colour may have been a more significant determinant of technological choice, as has been suggested elsewhere (e.g., Lechtman 1984; Hosler 1988).”
BackgroundEstilos de arte rupestre e interacción social en el desierto de Atacama (Norte de Chile).
Gallardo, F., Gonzalo Pimentel, G., & Sepúlveda, M. (2018) · Mundo de Antes · doi:10.59516/mda.v12.94 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ethnohistorical Evidence for Obsidian’s Ritual and Symbolic Uses among the Postclassic Tarascans
Darras, V. (2014) · University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.5876/9781607323013.c002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
For Whom the Bells Fall: Metals from the C enote S agrado, C hichén I tzá
Cockrell, B., Ruvalcaba‐Sil, J. L., & Díaz, E. O. (2014) · Archaeometry · doi:10.1111/arcm.12147 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Departamento de Física Experimental, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, México D.F., México and E. ORTIZ DÍAZ Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, México D.F., México Bells of copper and copper alloys and gold–copper al…”
InfluentialMATTER, FORM, AND THE GENERATION OF METALS IN ALVARO ALONSO BARBA'SARTE DE LOS METALES1
Bentancor, O. (2007) · Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies · doi:10.1080/14636200701430968 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Una edad del bronce en los Andes CentralesContribución a la elaboración de una historia ambiental
Hocquenghem, A. M. (2004) · Bulletin de l’Institut français d’études andines · doi:10.4000/bifea.5728 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Movement and Management of Animals in the North and West of Africa from 1000 BC to AD 1000
Fothergill, B. T., Linseele, V., & Valenzuela-Lamas, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108908047.006 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Working With Expedient Lithic Technologies in the Northern Highlands of Peru
Downey, J. T. (2010) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Persistence of Indigenous Silver Production in Porco, Bolivia
Buren, M. V. (2020) · International Journal of Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s10761-020-00546-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sutton, A. (2020) · Britannia · doi:10.1017/s0068113x20000355 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“20 Lechtman 1977; 1984a; 1984b. 21 See, e.g., Meskell 2005; Knappett and Malafouris 2008; Hodder 2012; Knappett 2012 for general works on materiality theory in archaeology.”
BackgroundEarly Horizon gold metallurgy from Campanayuq Rumi in the Peruvian south-central highlands
Matsumoto, Y., & Palomino, Y. C. (2012) · Ñawpa Pacha · doi:10.1179/naw.2012.32.1.115 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
SCOTT, D. A., & Schwab, R. (2019) · Cultural heritage science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11265-3_1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Early History of Weaving in West Africa
Magnavita, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108908047.007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lechtman, H.
- Corresponding author
- Lechtman, Heather
- Venue
- Technology and Culture
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1984-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1
- ISSN
- 0040-165X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2086049163
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Technology and Culture (publishedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Visual Arts and Performing Arts › Latin American history and culture
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory
- Keywords
- Andean metallurgy, prehistoric metallurgy, Inca civilization, tin bronze, iron metallurgy, alloys, Andean civilization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
