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Andean Value Systems and the Development of Prehistoric Metallurgy
Abstract
The rich development of metallurgical technology that arose and was sustained in the New World prior to the Spanish invasion in the 16th century took place in the Andean zone of western South America in that area which is today Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia. Although Andean peoples supported a highly sophisticated metallurgical tradition with the production of a broad range of metals and metal alloys, little interest or attention has been paid to Andean metallurgy, perhaps because archaeologists and historians cannot boast of a age or an iron age as characteristic of New World prehistory. Iron metallurgy was never developed in the Andes. Although both ancient varieties of bronze were invented there-the alloys of copper and arsenic and of copper and tin-and tin bronze was widely used and disseminated throughout its vast empire by the Inca dynasty, nevertheless these metals did not have the same impact on Andean civilization that they had among peoples of Europe and the ancient Near East.
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“while indigenous Andean metalwork techniques were inseparable from concepts of material and purity (Lechtman 1984).”
From Art (Pre)History: Ritual, Narrative and Visual Culture in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe (2020) · cites this paper as Lechtman 1984
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“In both materials, whether metal or ceramic, a particular”
From Reverse engineering of ceramic anthropomorphic figurines from the tumaco archaeological tradition in southwest Colombia (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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Conkey, M. W. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.13039-9
Duckworth, C. N., Cuénod, A., & Mattingly, D. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108908047.016
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Becerra, M. F., & Pieroni, M. J. P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_2715
(2010) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822393177-007
Becerra, M. F., & Pieroni, M. J. P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_2715-1
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Junius, H. (2017) · Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) · doi:10.21248/gups.73974
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Dubinsky, L., & Grosman, L. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3781127/v1
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Padovani, C. (2024) · Paléorient · doi:10.4000/12ugw
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Dillehay, T. D., Goodbred, S. L., & Rodríguez, G. (2025) · Latin American Antiquity · doi:10.1017/laq.2024.60
“We know that in late pre-Inka and Inka times various types of metrics were used to produce and exchange resources (e.g., Gudemos 2011; Lechtman 1984; Llerena 2003; Rostworowski de Diez Canseco 1960, 1981; Urton 1997).”
Zea, J., García-Chevesich, P. A., Zevallos, C., et al. (2025) · Humans · doi:10.3390/humans5040034
“It was considered the “sweat of the sun” and was used to adorn temples, royal palaces, and ceremonial objects dedicated to Inti, the sun god (Lechtman, 1984; Maccormack, 1989).”
Adán-Más, A. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/14f4a500z0c11z4b6ez9647z78da55ed2da1 · Cited by 1
Plaza, M. T., Solís, C. R., & Campbell, R. (2026) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2026.101788
Alconini, S., & Canedo, W. S. (2026) · Cambridge Archaeological Journal · doi:10.1017/s095977432610064x
Copper in Pre-Columbian Costa Rican metallurgy: A case study on gold-copper alloy and copper objects
Westner, K. J., & Klein, S. (2026) · Revista del Museo de Antropología · doi:10.31048/r44g0n59
Becerra, M. F., Angiorama, C. I., & Figueroa, V. (2026) · Revista del Museo de Antropología · doi:10.31048/q3ht5z98
Metadata
- Authors
- Lechtman, H.
- Corresponding author
- Lechtman, Heather
- Venue
- Technology and Culture
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1984-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1
- ISSN
- 0040-165X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2086049163
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Technology and Culture (publishedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Latin American history and culture
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory
- Keywords
- Andean metallurgy, prehistoric metallurgy, Inca civilization, tin bronze, iron metallurgy, alloys, Andean civilization
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