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Thyroid Cancer after Exposure to External Radiation: A Pooled Analysis of Seven Studies
Abstract
Elaine Ron, Jay H. Lubin, Roy E. Shore, Kiyohiko Mabuchi, Baruch Modan, Linda M. Pottern, Arthur B. Schneider, Margaret A. Tucker, John D. Boice, Jr., Thyroid Cancer after Exposure to External Radiation: A Pooled Analysis of Seven Studies, Radiation Research, Vol. 141, No. 3 (Mar., 1995), pp. 259-277
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“The risk of thyroid neoplasia is greatest with exposure to low-level external radiation (0.1-25 Gy; *0.09-30 lCi/g or 3.33-1110 Bq/g) (314,315,352,354,357), not with the higher administered activities used to treat GD.”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [352]
In the citing paper
“Because of an increased risk of thyroid nodules and cancer associated with low-level thyroid irradiation in children (314,(352)(353)(354)) and poor remission rates with low-administered activities of RAI (88)(89)(90), it is important that RAI activities >150 lCi (>5.55 MBq/g) rather than smaller activities of RAI be administered to achieve hypothyroidism (312).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [352]
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“The risk estimates given here are for lifetime cancer mortality; estimated cancer risks from pediatric CT examinations would, by definition, be larger, particularly for CT examinations of the head, because of the larger contribution of radiation-induced thyroid cancer [34].”
BackgroundRoss, D. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Greenlee, M. C., Laurberg, P., Maia, A. L., Rivkees, S. A., Samuels, M., Sosa, J. A., Stan, M. N., et al. (2016) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0229 · Cited by 2,938
“Because of an increased risk of thyroid nodules and cancer associated with low-level thyroid irradiation in children (314,352–354) and poor remission rates with low-administered activities of RAI (88–90), it is important that RAI activities >150 lCi (>5.55 MBq/g) rather than smaller activities of RAI be administered t…”
BackgroundInfluentialProjected Cancer Risks From Computed Tomographic Scans Performed in the United States in 2007
de González, A. B. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.440 · Cited by 1,880
“6 (1) 150 (70-300) 1 30 (10-60) 1 180 (80-400) 1 Otherd 3.”
Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: Assessing what we really know
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Self-citationSolid Cancer Incidence in Atomic Bomb Survivors: 1958–1998
Preston, D. L., Ron, E., Tokuoka, S., Funamoto, S., Nishi, N., Soda, M., Mabuchi, K., & Kodama, K. (2007) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr0763.1 · Cited by 1,751
Self-citationPapillary and Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
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Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer
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“A recent analysis indicated that thyroid cancer risk in children exposed to head and neck radiation is inversely correlated to the age, decreasing to a nonstatistically significant level by age 15 [43].”
BackgroundManagement Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Francis, G. L., Waguespack, S. G., Bauer, A. J., Angelos, P., Benvenga, S., Cerutti, J. M., Dinauer, C., Hamilton, J. K., HAY, I. D., Luster, M., et al. (2015) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0460 · Cited by 1,273
“In general the risk is greatest among those who received radiation therapy at a younger age and with doses up to 20–29 Gy (77,81,82).”
BackgroundPreston, D. L., Shimizu, Y., Pierce, D. A., Suyama, A., & Mabuchi, K. (2003) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr3049 · Cited by 1,172
“For breast cancer (28, 44, 51, 52), it has been suggested that LSS (age-dependent) EAR might best be used to estimate risks in other populations, while for other sites, including stomach (50) and thyroid (48), it has been suggested that the ERR might be the most appropriate for this purpose.”
BackgroundBahn, R. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Garber, J. R., Greenlee, M. C., Klein, I., Laurberg, P., McDougall, I. R., Montori, V. M., Rivkees, S. A., et al. (2011) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.17.3.456 · Cited by 1,098
“The risk of thyroid neoplasia is greatest with exposure to low level external radiation (0.1–25 Gy; ~0.09–30 µCi/g) (192,193,228,235,236), not with the higher administered activities used to treat GD.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe changing incidence of thyroid cancer
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Thyroid cancer mortality and incidence: A global overview
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“Another major risk factor for thyroid cancer is ionising radiation, particularly in childhood and adolescence, with a summary excess RR around 7 per Gray (Gy).(27,28) It is likely that reduced utilisation and better control of irradiation for medical conditions, particularly in childhood, has lead to a subsequent decl…”
BackgroundSolid Cancers after Bone Marrow Transplantation
Curtis, R. E., Rowlings, P. A., Deeg, H. J., Shriner, D. A., Socié, G., Travis, L. B., Horowitz, M. M., Witherspoon, R. P., Hoover, R. N., Sobocinski, K. A., et al. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199703273361301 · Cited by 956
Self-citationThe American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Taskforce on Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis, Bahn, R. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Garber, J. R., Greenlee, M. C., Klein, I., Laurberg, P., McDougall, I. R., Montori, V. M., et al. (2011) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0417 · Cited by 898
“09–30 mCi/g) (192,193,228,235,236), not with the higher administered activities used to treat GD.”
BackgroundPathogenetic mechanisms in thyroid follicular-cell neoplasia
Kondo, T., Ezzat, S., & Asa, S. L. (2006) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1836 · Cited by 889
“External beam-radiation exposure in childhood for the treatment of benign conditions of the head and neck also increases the risk of papillary carcinom”
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“It was used from about the 1930s– 1960s to treat several benign conditions of the head and neck, and follow-up of several of these irradiated populations showed a strong radiation dose-response relationship with thyroid cancer, especially papillary carcinoma (29).”
Self-citationBoucai, L., Zafereo, M., & Cabanillas, M. E. (2024) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.26348 · Cited by 699
Bhatia, R., Yasui, Y., Robison, L. L., Birch, J. M., Bogue, M. K., Diller, L., DeLaat, C., Fossati‐Bellani, F., Morgan, E. R., Oberlin, O., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2003.11.059 · Cited by 610
Risk of Thyroid Cancer After Exposure to 131 I in Childhood
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“[11] pooled data from studies of radiation-related thyroid cancer in children and adults that included 58,000 individuals exposed to external radiation and 61,000 non-exposed individuals.”
BackgroundThyroid Cancer Gender Disparity
Rahbari, R. M., Zhang, L., & Kebebew, E. (2010) · Future Oncology · doi:10.2217/fon.10.127 · Cited by 513
“A pooled analysis of seven studies showed that women had a nearly twofold increase in thyroid cancer risk, but no individual study showed a statistical difference between men and women [11].”
MethodRadiation Effects on Breast Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis of Eight Cohorts
Preston, D. L., Mattsson, A. F., Holmberg, E. C., Shore, R. E., Hildreth, N. G., & Boice, J. D. (2002) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/0033-7587(2002)158[0220:reobcr]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 512
“One possibility for developing a single summary model would be to use a model that allows for unobserved study-specific random effects as was done in a recent pooled analysis of thyroid cancer (35).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEvolving Understanding of the Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer
Seib, C. D., & Sosa, J. A. (2018) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2018.10.002 · Cited by 498
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“Radiation exposure in childhood and adolescence is also a recognized risk factor.(57,58) More research on the relation among tem-”
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“For pediatric patients, Ron et al (1995) showed that a linear dose–response relationship best described the radiation response down to 0.1 Gy.”
BackgroundInfluentialCANCER RISKS FROM MEDICAL RADIATION
Ron, E. (2003) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/00004032-200307000-00011 · Cited by 382
“The results also indicate that risk continues throughout life and that there is a steep decline in risk with increasing age at exposure (Ron et al. 1995).”
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“More evidence for ionizing radiation as a risk factor for TC includes case-controlled studies in children who underwent ionizing radiotherapy treatment for benign conditions such as tinea capitis in the past (66).”
Vaccarella, S., Maso, L. D., Laversanne, M., Bray, F., Plummer, M., & Franceschi, S. (2015) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0116 · Cited by 361
“For the thyroid gland, a very radio-sensitive site in children and adolescents (30), medical exposure to ionizing radiation is a possible explanatory factor for the trends, given that it has been the fastest growing source of human radiation exposure in the last decades—for example, from 11% of…”
Sigurdson, A. J., Ronckers, C. M., Mertens, A. C., Stovall, M., Smith, S. A., Liu, Y., Berkow, R. L., Hammond, S., Neglia, J. P., Meadows, A. T., et al. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66695-0 · Cited by 366
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“The few that have shown some effect (eg, increased thyroid cancer in children ex posed in utero downwind of Chernobyl, increased likelihood of cancer in per sons receiving multiple doses of radia tion from an extended series of medical procedures) are associated with rela tively high radiation doses to specific or…”
BackgroundLittle, M. P., Wakeford, R., Tawn, E. J., Bouffler, S. D., & de González, A. B. (2009) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2511081686 · Cited by 354
“Two Swedish studies of patients with skin hemangioma with low-dose and low dose rate exposures to radium 226 obtained risk estimates that were similar to those in the pooled analysis of Ron et al (43): an ERR per gray of 7.”
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“is a well-established risk factor for thyroid cancer (10, 11),”
BackgroundSelf-citationSecond Cancers Among Long-Term Survivors of Hodgkin’s Disease Diagnosed in Childhood and Adolescence
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“E-mail: pasr@medizin.uni-leipzig.de This work was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG/Pa423/3-2 and Pa423/12-1; NE 84417-7, FU 35617- 7), the Krebshilfe (10-1575), and the Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Leipzig (Project…”
MethodBhatti, P., Veiga, L. H. S., Ronckers, C. M., Sigurdson, A. J., Stovall, M. A., Smith, S. A., Weathers, R. E., Leisenring, W. M., Mertens, A. C., Hammond, S., et al. (2010) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr2240.1 · Cited by 293
Risk factors for thyroid cancer: an epidemiological review focused on nutritional factors
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“A pooled-analysis on this issue, based on five cohorts and two case–control studies with 58,000 exposed individuals, 61,000 unexposed, 700 TCs, and 3 million person-years, found a significant dose-risk for exposure during childhood [31].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDralle, H., Musholt, T. J., Schabram, J., Steinmüller, T., Frilling, A., Simon, D., Goretzki, P. E., Niederle, B., Scheuba, C., Clerici, T., et al. (2013) · Langenbeck s Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00423-013-1057-6 · Cited by 279
“The rate of PTC continues to be increased even 40 years after the exposure and beyond [157].”
BackgroundZimmermann, M. B., & Galetti, V. (2015) · Thyroid Research · doi:10.1186/s13044-015-0020-8 · Cited by 280
“External radiation to the thyroid increases risk for thyroid cancer, particularly when the radiation occurs in childhood [9, 10, 139, 140].”
Backgroundde González, A. B., Gilbert, E. S., Curtis, R. E., Inskip, P. D., Kleinerman, R. A., Morton, L. M., Rajaraman, P., & Little, M. P. (2012) · International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics · doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.09.001 · Cited by 288
“For example, the stomach cancer finding was based on only one small study (n=42), and the BEIR VII thyroid cancer risk model included several studies of fractionated exposure (33).”
BackgroundMethodElisei, R., Romei, C., Vorontsova, T. V., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7678 · Cited by 276
Li, N., Du, X. L., Reitzel, L. R., Xu, L., & Sturgis, E. M. (2012) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0392 · Cited by 261
“7 times per Gy, especially among children (32).”
Armstrong, G. T., Stovall, M. A., & Robison, L. L. (2010) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr1903.1 · Cited by 259
“Previous investigations of survivors of atomic bombs and other analyses of pooled populations have suggested a linear dose response for the development of thyroid cancer after radiation exposure, with a loss of the linear relationship at higher doses of radiation therapy (43, 44).”
BackgroundSadetzki, S., Chetrit, A., Freedman, L. S., Stovall, M., Modan, B., & Novikov, I. (2005) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr3329 · Cited by 256
“We also compared the linear dose response with the linear-quadratic model, which is usually regarded as the possible alternative (7, 13).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEpidemiology of Thyroid Cancer
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Self-citationETV6‐NTRK3 is a common chromosomal rearrangement in radiation‐associated thyroid cancer
Leeman‐Neill, R. J., Kelly, L. M., Liu, P., Brenner, A. V., Little, M. P., Ti, B., Evdokimova, V. N., HATCH, M. C., Zurnadzhy, L. Y., Nikiforova, M. N., et al. (2013) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.28484 · Cited by 257
“This was confirmed later in multiple studies of patients who had exposure to environmental or medical radiation, including X-ray or g-radiation as wells as radioiodines, mainly iodine-131 ((131)I).(3) In the decades after the 1986 Chernobyl accident, the surrounding geographic”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Chernobyl Accident — An Epidemiological Perspective
Cardis, E., & HATCH, M. C. (2011) · Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.clon.2011.01.510 · Cited by 249
“The sole prospective cohort study, involving individual dose estimates and serial screening examinations of children and adolescents in Ukraine through 2007 (29), found no variation in radiation risk by time since exposure, a result compatible with studies of medical radiation in childhood in which thyroid cancer risk…”
Exposing the Thyroid to Radiation: A Review of Its Current Extent, Risks, and Implications
Sinnott, B. P., Ron, E., & Schneider, A. B. (2010) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2010-0003 · Cited by 246
“Of note, the excess risk persists for at least four decades after exposure (1, 17).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationTronko, M. D., Howe, G. R., Ti, B., Bouville, A. C., Epstein, O. V., Brill, A. B., Ia, L., Fink, D. J., Markov, V. V., Greenebaum, E., et al. (2006) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djj244 · Cited by 246
Self-citationCancer consequences of the Chernobyl accident: 20 years on
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“The estimate of risk for persons exposed to x-or γ radiation before age 15, from a combined analysis of these studies (Ron et al 1995), is shown in table 5.”
Self-citationEffects of Web- and Computer-Based Smoking Cessation Programs
Myung, S., McDonnell, D. D., Kazinets, G., Seo, H. G., & Moskowitz, J. M. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.109 · Cited by 238
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Cancer Mortality among Women Frequently Exposed to Radiographic Examinations for Spinal Disorders
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“Above 20 yr of age, the risk of thyroid cancer after low-level irradiation is either very low or undetectable (31, 32).”
BackgroundBarney, B. M., Hitchcock, Y. J., Sharma, P. K., et al. (2010) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.21504 · Cited by 227
I-131 Dose Response for Incident Thyroid Cancers in Ukraine Related to the Chornobyl Accident
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“One of the most consistent findings for thyroid cancer after external irradiation is a trend for increasing ERR per gray with younger age at exposure (Ron et al. 1995).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationEffects of Radiation Exposure From Cardiac Imaging
Einstein, A. J. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.079 · Cited by 216
“These models are largely based on data rom the Life Span Study, although the pooled breast cancer odel from the systematic review discussed in the previous ext (46), and a thyroid cancer model (63) based on several f the medical studies tabulated in the previous text (63), are ncorporated.”
MethodImaizumi, M., Usa, T., Tominaga, T., Neriishi, K., Akahoshi, M., Nakashima, E., Ashizawa, K., Hida, A., Soda, M., Fujiwara, S., et al. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.9.1011 · Cited by 211
Long‐term trend of thyroid cancer risk among Japanese atomic‐bomb survivors: 60 years after exposure
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“reported that there were limited data related to adult exposure, which provided insufficient evidence of a radiation effect.(5) This should not be interpreted as the lack of a radiation effect, but is likely due to the lack of statistical power for detecting a small effect.”
BackgroundSelf-citationWoloschak, M., Yu, A., & Post, K. D. (1995) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19950801)76:3 · Cited by 30
Self-citationZablotska, L. B., Ron, E., Rozhko, A. V., HATCH, M. C., Polyanskaya, O. N., Brenner, A. V., Lubin, J. H., Романов, Г. Н., McConnell, R., O’Kane, P., et al. (2010) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605967 · Cited by 205
“…30 was ERR/Gy¼ 5.35 among those exposed younger than 10 and ERR/Gy¼ 4.28 among those exposed between 10 and 19 years old (Preston et al, 2007), and much lower compared to the estimate from the pooled analysis of risks after X-ray and g-irradiation (ERR/Gy¼ 7.7, 95% CI: 2.1– 28.7) (Ron et al, 1995).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe cancer epidemiology of radiation
Wakeford, R. (2004) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207896 · Cited by 209
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“1 Gy with a linear dose–response curve and the related risk increases by 10 times at 1 Gy (Ron et al. 1995).”
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“…century, was due to use of irradiation to treat benign childhood conditions including tinea capitis, acne, chronic tonsillitis and thymus 774 www.endocrinology-journals.orgDownloaded from Bioscientifica.com at 12/02/2018 09:35:12AM via free access enlargement (Ron et al. 1995, Lubin et al. 2004).”
BackgroundBiological effects after prenatal irradiation (embryo and fetus)
Valentin, J. (2003) · Annals of the ICRP · doi:10.1016/s0146-6453(03)00021-6 · Cited by 193
Incidence of cancer in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients treated 25 years previously
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New malignancies following childhood cancer in the United States, 1973–2002
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Thyroid neoplasms after therapeutic radiation for malignancies during childhood or adolescence
Acharya, S., Sarafoglou, K., LaQuaglia, M. P., Lindsley, S. K., Gerald, W. L., Wollner, N., TAN, C. T. C., & Sklar, C. A. (2003) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.11362 · Cited by 185
“A pooled analysis of seven studies evaluating thyroid carcinoma after exposure to external radiation during childhood concluded that the dose-response relation was linear; although, at the highest doses ( 1000 cGy), the risk for thyroid carcinoma appeared to plateau.(5) Although recent data have confirmed the associat…”
BackgroundIonising radiation and cancer risks: What have we learned from epidemiology?
Gilbert, E. S. (2009) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.1080/09553000902883836 · Cited by 184
“7 from a pooled analyses of thyroid cancer risks of persons exposed externally (Ron et al. 1995).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEisenberg, M. J., Afilalo, J., Lawler, P. R., Abrahamowicz, M., Richard, H., & Pilote, L. (2011) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.100463 · Cited by 185
The Management of Graves' Disease in Children, with Special Emphasis on Radioiodine Treatment
Rivkees, S. A., Sklar, C. A., & Freemark, M. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.11.5239 · Cited by 207
Lebbink, C. A., Links, T. P., Czarniecka, A., Dias, R. P., Elisei, R., Izatt, L., Krude, H., Lorenz, K., Luster, M., Newbold, K. L., et al. (2022) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1530/etj-22-0146 · Cited by 184
Head and Neck Cancer: Global Burden and Regional Trends in India
Mishra, A., & Meherotra, R. (2014) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.2.537 · Cited by 180
O'Brien, M. M., Donaldson, S. S., Balise, R. R., Whittemore, A. S., & Link, M. P. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2009.24.8062 · Cited by 180
“The young age of the patients in our cohort may contribute to the high observed rate of thyroid cancer, consistent with reports that at radiation doses below 20 Gy, thyroid carcinoma risk is highest among patients diagnosed with their primary cancer before age 10 years.(30-32) The significant incidence of thyroid carc…”
A pooled analysis of case–control studies of thyroid cancer. IV. Benign thyroid diseases
Franceschi, S., Preston‐Martin, S., Maso, L. D., Negri, E., Vecchia, C. L., Mack, W. J., McTiernan, A., Kolonel, L. N., Mark, S. D., Mabuchi, K., et al. (1999) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1008907227706 · Cited by 171
“Genetic factors, lifestyle (including medical ascertainment), hormonal factors, and radiation are associated with the development of benign [9], as well as malignant, thyroid nodules [10, 11].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCancer and non-cancer effects in Japanese atomic bomb survivors
Little, M. P. (2009) · Journal of Radiological Protection · doi:10.1088/0952-4746/29/2a/s04 · Cited by 172
“…studies of skin haemangioma patients with low dose and low dose rate exposures from 226Ra obtained similar risk estimates to the pooled analysis of Ron et al (1995): an ERR/Gy = 7.5 (95% CI 0.4, 18.1) based on an estimated mean thyroid dose of 120 mGy (Lindberg et al 1995), and ERR/Gy = 4.9 (95%…”
ResultInfluentialRadiation Exposure From Diagnostic Imaging in Severely Injured Trauma Patients
Tien, H. C. N., Tremblay, L. N., Rizoli, S. B., Gelberg, J., Netto, F. A. C. S., Caldwell, C., & Brenneman, F. D. (2007) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e31802d9700 · Cited by 169
Veiga, L. H. S., Holmberg, E. C., Anderson, H., Pottern, L. M., Sadetzki, S., Adams, M. J., Sakata, R., Schneider, A. B., Inskip, P. D., Bhatti, P., et al. (2016) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr14213.1 · Cited by 168
Self-citationRadiation-related genomic profile of papillary thyroid carcinoma after the Chernobyl accident
Morton, L. M., Karyadi, D. M., Stewart, C., Ti, B., Dawson, E. T., Steinberg, M. K., Dai, J., Hartley, S. W., Schonfeld, S. J., Sampson, J. N., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg2538 · Cited by 178
Self-citationThe Chernobyl Accident and its Consequences
Saenko, V., Ivanov, V. K., Tsyb, A. F., Ti, B., Tronko, M. D., Demidchik, Y. E., & Yamashita, S. (2011) · Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.clon.2011.01.502 · Cited by 166
“4 for a dose of 1 Gy according to different riskmodels; thiswas generally comparable with risk estimates for external exposures [41].”
BackgroundThyroid Cancer Following Childhood Low-Dose Radiation Exposure: A Pooled Analysis of Nine Cohorts
Lubin, J. H., Adams, M. J., Shore, R. E., Holmberg, E. C., Schneider, A. B., Hawkins, M. M., Robison, L. L., Inskip, P. D., Lundell, M., Johansson, R., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-3529 · Cited by 166
“Investigators al o identified important modifiers of the doseresponse association, namely, radiation dose respon se trends emerged within 5-10 years of exposure, increased at younger ages at exposure, de clined with increasing attained age and persisted for 50 years and more after exposure (8, 10).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMinimizing and Communicating Radiation Risk in Pediatric Nuclear Medicine
Fahey, F. H., Treves, S. T., & Adelstein, S. J. (2011) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.109.069609 · Cited by 165
“Most of these exposures were in children (40).”
BackgroundAn Optimal Treatment for Pediatric Graves’ Disease Is Radioiodine
Rivkees, S. A., & Dinauer, C. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1239 · Cited by 158
CANCER INCIDENCE AND RISK ESTIMATION AMONG MEDICAL X-RAY WORKERS IN CHINA, 1950–1995
Wang, J. X., Zhang, L. A., Li, B.-Q., Zhao, Y., Wang, Z. Q., Zhang, J., & Aoyama, T. (2002) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/00004032-200204000-00004 · Cited by 163
“It is clear the thyroid cancer can be induced by external high dose acute radiation exposure during childhood as children irradiated for diseases of the head and neck (Shore 1992; Ron et al. 1995) and atomic bomb survivors (Thompson et al.”
BackgroundMedical Exposure to Radiation and Thyroid Cancer
Schonfeld, S. J., Lee, C. R., & de González, A. B. (2011) · Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.clon.2011.01.159 · Cited by 162
“In addition to age at exposure, the risk varied according to the time since exposure [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialRadiation carcinogenesis: lessons from Chernobyl
Williams, D. W. (2008) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2009.349 · Cited by 160
“After exposure to external radiation, children under 4 years of age showed a fivefold greater risk per Gy of developing thyroid cancer than children aged 10–14 years (Ron et al., 1995) and a study of thyroid cancer after radiotherapy for an earlier childhood cancer found a 10-fold higher ERR/Gy for those treated with…”
BackgroundDental x-rays and the risk of thyroid cancer: A case-control study
Memon, A., Godward, S., Williams, D., et al. (2010) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.3109/02841861003705778 · Cited by 160
“Evidence for an association between exposure to high-dose ionising radiation and thyroid cancer has come from studies of children who had received x-ray treatment, for benign conditions such as enlarged tonsils or thymus gland, haemangioma, ringworm of the scalp ( tinea capitis), skin disorders, and painful arthrosis…”
The impact of cancer therapy on the endocrine system in survivors of childhood brain tumours
Gleeson, H. K., & Shalet, S. M. (2004) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc.1.00779 · Cited by 160
“At low to moderate doses of radiation there is a linear relationship with risk of developing thyroid cancer which flattens out at higher doses (Ron et al. 1995).”
BackgroundRadiation Therapy for Orbital Tumors: Concepts, Current Use, and Ophthalmic Radiation Side Effects
Finger, P. T. (2009) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.06.004 · Cited by 157
Epidemiology and Primary Prevention of Thyroid Cancer
Nagataki, S., & Nyström, E. (2002) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/105072502761016511 · Cited by 156
Estimates of the cancer burden in Europe from radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident
Cardis, E., Krewski, D. R., Boniol, M., Drozdovitch, V., Darby, S. C., Gilbert, E. S., Akiba, S., Bénichou, J., Ferlay, J., Gandini, S., et al. (2006) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.22037 · Cited by 155
“The BEIR VII risk models were derived from analyses of data on the Japanese atomic bomb survivors for all cancer sites except breast and thyroid; for the latter, they were based on published combined analyses of data on the atomic bomb survivors and medically exposed cohorts.(40,41) To estimate risks from exposure at…”
MethodThe FOXE1 locus is a major genetic determinant for radiation-related thyroid carcinoma in Chernobyl
Takahashi, M., Saenko, V., Rogounovitch, T., Kawaguchi, T., Drozd, V. M., Takigawa-Imamura, H., Akulevich, N. M., Ratanajaraya, C., Mitsutake, N., Takamura, N., et al. (2010) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq123 · Cited by 160
“Radiation is the only known environmental risk factor for PTC seen both after external exposure (7) and internal irradiation (5).”
BackgroundThe association between serum TSH concentration and thyroid cancer
Boelaert, K. (2009) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-09-0150 · Cited by 153
“1992) and history of irradiation exposure (Ron et al. 1995).”
BackgroundCancer after nuclear fallout: lessons from the Chernobyl accident
Williams, D. (2002) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc845 · Cited by 149
“However, studies of thyroid carcinoma following external radiation also show an age-related effect, with those aged 0–4 years at exposure having a fivefold higher risk than those aged 10–14 year”
Yu, G., Li, J. C.-L., Branovan, D. I., McCormick, S. A., & Schantz, S. P. (2010) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2008.0281 · Cited by 149
“Diagnostic X-rays are the largest human-made source of radiation exposure to the general populations, contributing about 14% of total worldwide radiation exposure from human-made and natural sources (29).”
Low dose or low dose rate ionizing radiation-induced health effect in the human
Tang, F. R., & Loganovsky, K. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Radioactivity · doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.05.018 · Cited by 162
Metadata
- Authors
- Ron, E., Lubin, J. H., Shore, R. E., Mabuchi, K., Modan, B., Pottern, L. M., Schneider, A. B., Tucker, M. A., & Boice, J. D.
- Venue
- Radiation Research
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1995-03
- Volume
- 141
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 259
- ISSN
- 0033-7587 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4234375295
- Cited by
- 1,107
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 11.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Radiation Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Effects of Radiation Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Radioactive contamination and transfer
- Keywords
- thyroid cancer, external radiation exposure, radiation-induced cancer, pooled analysis, cancer risk, ionizing radiation
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