The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toward a Measure of Patriotic and Nationalistic Attitudes
Abstract
The multidimensionality of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes and their relationship to nuclear policy opinions were investigated. One hundred and ninety-four college students, 24 high school students, and 21 building contractors were administered the 120-item Patriotism/Nationalism Questionnaire. One hundred and sixty-six of the college students were concurrently administered the 18-item Nuclear Policy Questionnaire. An iterated principal factor analysis was performed on the Patriotism/Nationalism Questionnaire and six factors were extracted for Varimax rotation. The results indicated that the factors were interpretable and distinct. Further analyses indicated the predictive validity of the subscales derived from the six factors for the Nuclear Policy Questionnaire, and exploratory analyses of variance examined the effects of selected demographic variables. The findings support the contention that patriotic/nationalistic attitudes entail multiple dimensions, and that they are differentially related to nuclear policy opinions. We conclude that researchers need to be more attentive to this multidimensionality, especially the distinction between patriotism and nationalism.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
A First Course in Factor Analysis
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9781315827506 · Cited by 4,546
In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis.
Brewer, M. B. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.307 · Cited by 3,411
The Meaning and Strategic Use of Factor Analysis
Cattell, R. B. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0893-5_4 · Cited by 442
A Scale to Measure World-Minded Attitudes
Sampson, D. L. G., & Smith, H. P. (1957) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1957.9714290 · Cited by 264
Measurement of Radicalism-Conservatism
Comrey, A. L., & Newmeyer, J. A. (1965) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1965.9922287 · Cited by 106
National-Mindedness and International-Mindedness
Mead, G. H. (1929) · Ethics · doi:10.1086/207755 · Cited by 84
Internationalism as a predictor of cooperative behavior
Lutzker, D. R. (1960) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200276000400404 · Cited by 83
On the nature of national involvement: a preliminary study
DeLamater, J., Katz, D. M., & Kelman, H. C. (1969) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200276901300303 · Cited by 76
Authoritarian personality and foreign policy
Levinson, D. J. (1957) · Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200275700100105 · Cited by 75
Patriotism and Nationalism: Their Psychological Foundations.
Wallerstein, I. M., & Doob, L. W. (1965) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091399 · Cited by 74
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,000
Collective Narcissism as a Basis for Nationalism
Federico, C. M., de Zavala, A. G., & Bu, W. (2022) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12833 · Cited by 76
Advancing the country image construct: Reply to Samiee's (2009) commentary
Zeugner‐Roth, K. P., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2009) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.09.009 · Cited by 60
Assessing Ethical Organizational Culture
DeBode, J. D., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Walker, A. G. (2013) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886313500987 · Cited by 61
For Love of Country? Consumer Ethnocentrism in China, South Korea, and the United States
Tsai, W. S., Yoo, J. J., & Lee, W. (2013) · Journal of Global Marketing · doi:10.1080/08911762.2013.805860 · Cited by 59
Amiot, C. E., & Aubin, R. M. (2013) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12004 · Cited by 59
Chao, M. M., Zhang, Z.-X., & Chiu, C. (2009) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430209343115 · Cited by 59
The Emotional Climate of Nations and Their Culture of Peace
de Rivera, J., Kurrien, R., & Olsen, N. (2007) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00507.x · Cited by 59
Pryce, D. K. (2018) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12514 · Cited by 59
The Problem with Morality: Impeding Progress and Increasing Divides
Kovacheff, C., Schwartz, S., Inbar, Y., & Feinberg, M. (2018) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12045 · Cited by 62
Al‐Kire, R. L., Pasek, M. H., Tsang, J.-A. C., Leman, J. C., & Rowatt, W. C. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220978291 · Cited by 58
Worldview-motivated rejection of science and the norms of science
Lewandowsky, S., & Oberauer, K. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104820 · Cited by 64
Their own worst enemy? Collective narcissists are willing to conspire against their in‐group
Biddlestone, M., Cichocka, A. K., Główczewski, M., & Cisłak, A. (2022) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12569 · Cited by 59
Griffith, J. E. (2009) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x08327819 · Cited by 58
Impact of brand personality and consumer ethnocentrism in China's sportswear market
Tong, X., & Li, C. (2013) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-08-2012-0081 · Cited by 58
Ideology and Post‐Colonial Society
Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2016) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12323 · Cited by 63
Trends and Patterns in Americans' Attitudes Toward the Soviet Union
Yatani, C., & Bramel, D. (1989) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1989.tb01540.x · Cited by 57
Aydın, E., Bağci, S. Ç., & Keleşoğlu, İ. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101755 · Cited by 64
Rabinowitz, J. L. (1999) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/0162-895x.00135 · Cited by 57
National identity between democracy and autocracy: a comparative analysis of 24 countries
Erhardt, J., Wamsler, S., & Freitag, M. (2020) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s1755773920000351 · Cited by 56
National identity profiles and support for the European Union
Aichholzer, J., Kritzinger, S., & Plescia, C. (2021) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/1465116520980068 · Cited by 56
5,535 Hours of Impact: Effects of Olympic Media on Nationalism Attitudes
Billings, A. C., Brown, K. A., & Brown, N. A. (2013) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2013.850591 · Cited by 56
Collective Narcissism: Antecedents and Consequences of Exaggeration of the In-Group Image
de Zavala, A. G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_8 · Cited by 62
Male, National, and Religious Collective Narcissism Predict Sexism
de Zavala, A. G., & Bierwiaczonek, K. (2020) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01193-3 · Cited by 70
The Evolution of Ethnocentric Behavior
Axelrod, R., & Hammond, R. A. (2003) · Cited by 56
Physiological responses associated with cultural attachment
Yap, W. J., Christopoulos, G. I., & Hong, Y. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.017 · Cited by 59
Online Intergroup Polarization Across Political Fault Lines: An Integrative Review
Bliuc, A., Bouguettaya, A., & Felise, K. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641215 · Cited by 70
Castano, E. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00040.x · Cited by 55
Falomir‐Pichastor, J. M., & Frederic, N. S. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.016 · Cited by 55
Papadopoulos, N. G., Cleveland, M., Bartikowski, B., & Yaprak, A. (2018) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-09-2018-2035 · Cited by 56
How Nationalistic Appeals Affect Foreign Luxury Brand Reputation: A Study of Ambivalent Effects
Bartikowski, B., Fastoso, F., & Gierl, H. (2020) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-020-04483-8 · Cited by 54
Bizumić, B., Monaghan, C., & Priest, D. (2020) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12710 · Cited by 57
Nationalism and patriotism as determinants of European identity and attitudes towards the euro
Meier-Pesti, K., & Kirchler, E. M. (2003) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2003.10.006 · Cited by 54
Types of Identification among Russians in the 'Near Abroad'
Poppe, E., & Hagendoorn, L. (2001) · Europe Asia Studies · doi:10.1080/09668130123914 · Cited by 54
Brands and religious labels: a spillover perspective
Rauschnabel, P. A., Herz, M. F., Schlegelmilch, B. B., & Ivens, B. S. (2015) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2015.1013489 · Cited by 53
Globalization, expectations model of economic nationalism, and consumer behavior
Akhter, S. H. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/07363760710746148 · Cited by 53
Chinese consumer ethnocentrism: A field experiment
Bi, X., Gunessee, S., Hoffmann, R. F., Hui, W., Larner, J., Ma, Q., & Thompson, F. M. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1374 · Cited by 53
Major Sporting Events and National Identification
Mutz, M., & Gerke, M. (2017) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/2167479517733447 · Cited by 53
Latcheva, R. (2009) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-009-9285-0 · Cited by 53
Smeekes, A., Jetten, J., Verkuyten, M., Wohl, M. J. A., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Ariyanto, A., Autin, F., Ayub, N., Badea, C., Besta, T., et al. (2018) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000350 · Cited by 68
Dragojlovic, N. (2015) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/isqu.12179 · Cited by 35
Populism, Nationalism, and Nationalist Populism
Singh, P. (2021) · Studies in Comparative International Development · doi:10.1007/s12116-021-09337-6 · Cited by 81
Devlin, M. B., & Billings, A. C. (2016) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2015.1127243 · Cited by 52
Dyduch-Hazar, K., Mrozinski, B., & Golec de Zavala, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01901 · Cited by 66
Jones, C. W. (2014) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/isqu.12115 · Cited by 51
Exploring the Microfoundations of the Gender Equality Peace Hypothesis
Wood, R. M., & Ramirez, M. D. (2018) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1093/isr/vix016 · Cited by 32
Matthews, G., Reinerman-Jones, L., Burke, C. S., Teo, G. W. L., & Scribner, D. R. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.045 · Cited by 51
Der‐Karabetian, A., Cao, Y., & Alfaro, M. A. (2014) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2014.0035 · Cited by 51
Self‐Uncertainty, Social Identity, and the Solace of Extremism
Hogg, M. A. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444344073.ch2 · Cited by 52
What Do National Flags Stand for? An Exploration of Associations Across 11 Countries
Becker, J. C., Butz, D. A., Sibley, C. G., Barlow, F. K., Bitacola, L. M., Christ, O., Khan, S. S., Leong, C., Pehrson, S., Srinivasan, N., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022116687851 · Cited by 50
Hamer, K., Penczek, M., & Bilewicz, M. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.052 · Cited by 53
National Identity, Pride, and Chauvinism—their Origins and Consequences for Globalization Attitudes
Huddy, L., & Ponte, A. D. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198842545.003.0003 · Cited by 54
Does the DOG Scale Measure Dogmatism? Another Look at Construct Validity
Crowson, H. M. (2009) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.149.3.365-383 · Cited by 49
Becker, J. C., Enders-Comberg, A., Wagner, U., et al. (2011) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000073 · Cited by 49
Liu, J., & Smeesters, D. (2010) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.47.2.251 · Cited by 49
RetractedResearch on Enemy Images: Present Status and Future Prospects
Silverstein, B., & Holt, R. R. (1989) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1989.tb01547.x · Cited by 49
Han, K. J. (2013) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edt011 · Cited by 48
Brock, G., & Atkinson, Q. D. (2007) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-007-9087-1 · Cited by 48
Disgust Associated With Culture Mixing
Cheon, B. K., Christopoulos, G. I., & Hong, Y. (2016) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022116667845 · Cited by 48
Antecedents and consequences of consumer ethnocentrism: evidence from South Africa
Pentz, C. D., Terblanché, N. S., & Boshoff, C. (2017) · International Journal of Emerging Markets · doi:10.1108/ijoem-09-2015-0189 · Cited by 48
Homophobia and national collective narcissism in populist Poland
Mole, R. C. M., de Zavala, A. G., & Ardağ, M. M. (2021) · European Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1017/s0003975621000072 · Cited by 54
Marchlewska, M., Górska, P., Green, R., Szczepańska, D., Rogoza, M., Molenda, Z., & Michalski, P. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672221139072 · Cited by 51
International consumer admiration and the persistence of animosity
Maher, A. A., Clark, P., & Maher, A. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/07363761011063312 · Cited by 47
The resurgence of nationalism and its implications for supply chain risk management
Charpin, R. (2021) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijpdlm-01-2021-0019 · Cited by 47
Power Versus Affiliation in Political Ideology
Fetterman, A. K., Boyd, R. L., & Robinson, M. D. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215591960 · Cited by 46
Billings, A. C., & Angelini, J. R. (2019) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/2167479519863652 · Cited by 46
Moral Molecules: Morality as a Combinatorial System
Curry, O. S., Alfano, M., Brandt, M. J., & Pelican, C. (2021) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-021-00540-x · Cited by 58
Cichocka, A. K., Bocian, K., Winiewski, M. H., & Azevedo, F. (2022) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12813 · Cited by 46
Patriotism and Nationalism, Left and Right: A Q‐Methodology Study of American National Identity
Hanson, K., & O'Dwyer, E. J. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12561 · Cited by 45
Bauer, C. A., & Hannover, B. (2020) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2666 · Cited by 44
The Effect of Nationalism on Governance Choices in Cross-Border Collaborations
Ertug, G., Cuypers, I. R. P., Dow, D., & Edman, J. (2023) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063231172757 · Cited by 47
Bonikowski, B. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-57098-7_8 · Cited by 45
Mußotter, M. (2021) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-021-01212-9 · Cited by 47
Rethinking Hegemony and Resistance to Political Education in Mainland China and Hong Kong
Fairbrother, G. P. 方. (2008) · Comparative Education Review · doi:10.1086/588760 · Cited by 44
Psychology, Human Violence, and the Search for Peace: Issues in Science and Social Values
Feshbach, S. (1990) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00281.x · Cited by 44
Self-citationSternisko, A., Cichocka, A. K., Cisłak, A., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4c6av · Cited by 44
Bringing science to bear--on peace, not war: elaborating on psychology's potential to promote peace.
Leidner, B., Tropp, L., & Lickel, B. (2013) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0032846 · Cited by 27
Adviser to The King: Experts, Rationalization, and Legitimacy
Jones, C. W. (2018) · World Politics · doi:10.1017/s0043887118000217 · Cited by 46
Deprovincialization as a key correlate of ideology, prejudice, and intergroup contact
Boin, J., Fuochi, G., & Voci, A. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109799 · Cited by 45
Brexit and Polexit: Collective narcissism is associated with support for leaving the European Union
Cisłak, A., Pyrczak, M., Mikiewicz, A., & Cichocka, A. K. (2020) · Social Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.32872/spb.2645 · Cited by 44
Implicit Nationalism as System Justification: The Case of the United States of America
Carter, T. J., Ferguson, M. J., & Hassin, R. R. (2011) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2011.29.3.341 · Cited by 46
Sawyer, M. Q., Peña, Y., & Sidanius, J. (2004) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x04040068 · Cited by 43
A Cross-Cultural Study of Consumer Ethnocentrism between China and the U.S.
Tsai, W. S., Lee, W., & Song, Y.-A. (2013) · Journal of International Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1080/08961530.2013.759043 · Cited by 42
Understanding Emerging Adults’ National Attachments and Their Reactions to Athlete Activism
Smith, B., & Tryce, S. A. (2019) · Journal of Sport and Social Issues · doi:10.1177/0193723519836404 · Cited by 42
Pluralistic and Monocultural Facets of New Zealand National Character and Identity
Sibley, C. G., Hoverd, W. J., & Liu, J. H.-F. (2011) · New Zealand journal of psychology · Cited by 42
Can ingroup love harm the ingroup? Collective narcissism and objectification of ingroup members
Cichocka, A. K., Cisłak, A., Gronfeldt, B., & Wójcik, A. D. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302211038058 · Cited by 48
Lenard, P. T. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198842545.003.0009 · Cited by 42
Shook, N. J., Fitzgerald, H. N., Boggs, S. T., Ford, C. G., Hopkins, P. D., & Belanger, N. M. S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229432 · Cited by 41
Perceiving Intergroup Conflict: From Game Models to Mental Templates
Halevy, N., Sagiv, L., Roccas, S., & Bornstein, G. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206291947 · Cited by 41
Attitudes Towards Asylum Seekers: The Australian Experience
Haslam, N., & Holland, E. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1403-2_7 · Cited by 41
Zhai, Y., & Yan, Z. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221079727 · Cited by 19
Hoyt, C. L., & Simon, S. (2016) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12380 · Cited by 41
Popular views about Australian identity: research and analysis
Phillips, T. J. (1998) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/144078339803400305 · Cited by 40
Fandom nationalism in China: the effects of idol adoration and online fan community engagement
Liao, X., Koo, A. Z.-X., & Rojas, H. (2022) · Chinese Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/17544750.2022.2088587 · Cited by 39
Mishra, S., Shukla, Y. S., Malhotra, G., & Arora, V. (2022) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2022.102076 · Cited by 39
Trivedi, S. D., Tapar, A. V., & Dharmani, P. (2023) · Journal of International Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1080/08961530.2023.2180790 · Cited by 39
Distributive Justice for Others, Collective Angst, and Support for Exclusion of Immigrants
Lucas, T., Rudolph, C. W., Zhdanova, L. S., Barkho, E., & Weidner, N. (2014) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12204 · Cited by 37
Kalmoe, N. P., & Gross, K. (2015) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12305 · Cited by 39
The three facets of national identity: Identity dynamics and attitudes toward immigrants in Russia
Grigoryan, L. K., & Ponizovskiy, V. (2018) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715218806037 · Cited by 40
What does the general national pride item measure? Insights from web probing
Meitinger, K. M. (2018) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715218805793 · Cited by 39
Globalization Is Associated With Lower Levels of National Narcissism: Evidence From 56 Countries
Cichocka, A. K., Sengupta, N. K., Cisłak, A., Gronfeldt, B., Azevedo, F., & Boggio, P. S. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506221103326 · Cited by 48
Metadata
- Authors
- Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Kosterman, Rick
- Venue
- Political Psychology
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1989-06
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 257
- ISSN
- 0162-895X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2039302467
- Semantic Scholar
- 2c017cd6bf4b959c700586b1f3038e41f8ea27eb
- Cited by
- 1,225
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 17.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Political Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Keywords
- patriotic attitudes, attitude measurement, predictive validity, demographic differences in attitudes, university students, high school students, construction contractors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review