The DOI matches its Crossref record; 179 of the 180 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Unfinished Migrations: Reflections on the African Diaspora and the Making of the Modern World
Abstract
This article engages the very definition/meaning of diaspora as a concept at a moment when scholars are rushing to embrace the field of diaspora studies. Much of the current discussion continues to suggest that diaspora is merely a logical manifestation of dispersion, no matter how the diaspora was created or how long it had been in existence. This essay argues that linkages that tie the diaspora together must be articulated and are not inevitable, and that the diaspora is both process and condition. As a process it is always in the making, and as condition it is situated within global race and gender hierarchies. However, just as the diaspora is made, it can be unmade, and thus scholars must explore the moments of its unmaking. Indeed, the efforts to unravel the constituent elements of the diaspora(s) raise significant questions concerning how Africa is conceptualized in relation to its diaspora. These efforts also underscore the need to examine overlapping diasporas from many historical locations., Résumé:Cet article explore la définition et le sens même de diaspora en tant que concept à un moment où les chercheurs se pressent tous pour embrasser le domaine des études sur les diasporas. Une grande part des débats actuels continue à suggérer que la diaspora est tout simplement une manifestation logique de la dispersion, qu'importe la manière dont cette diaspora ait été créée ou depuis combien de temps elle existe. Cet article tente de démontrer que les relations qui lient la diaspora doivent s'articuler et ne sont pas inévitables, et que la diaspora est à la fois processus et condition. En tant que processus, elle est sans arrêt en cours de formation, et en tant que condition, elle se situe à l'intérieur des hiérarchies globales de race et de sexe (ou “gender”). Cependant, tout comme la diaspora est faite, elle peut être défaite et les chercheurs doivent ainsi examiner les moments de son démantèlement. En effet, les efforts faits pour discerner les éléments constitutifs de la ou des diasporas soulèvent des questions importantes sur la façon dont l'Afrique est conceptualisée relativement à sa diaspora. Ces efforts mettent également en évidence le besoin d'examiner les diasporas en situation d'intersection provenant de nombreux emplacements dans l'histoire.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization.
de Zoysa, D. A., & Appadurai, A. (1998) · International Migration Review · doi:10.2307/2547675 · Cited by 18,139
Harris, C. I. (1993) · Harvard Law Review · doi:10.2307/1341787 · Cited by 5,300
Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition
Robinson, C. J. (1985) · Labour / Le Travail · doi:10.2307/25142575 · Cited by 5,171
The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness.
Erickson, P. B., & Gilroy, P. (1997) · African American Review · doi:10.2307/3042577 · Cited by 4,762
Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century.
Gewertz, D. B., Errington, F. K., & Clifford, J. (1998) · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute · doi:10.2307/3034525 · Cited by 3,427
The Black Jacobins. Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution.
Montague, L. L., & James, C. L. R. (1940) · Hispanic American Historical Review · doi:10.1215/00182168-20.1.129 · Cited by 3,164
Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return
Safran, W. (1991) · Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies · doi:10.1353/dsp.1991.0004 · Cited by 2,766
Black Reconstruction in America
Bois, W. E. B. D. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315147413 · Cited by 2,524
The possessive investment in whiteness: how white people profit from identity politics
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-2457 · Cited by 2,403
Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America
Ram, N., & Frank, A. G. (1973) · Social Scientist · doi:10.2307/3516275 · Cited by 2,373
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 180 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brubaker, R. (2005) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/0141987042000289997 · Cited by 1,344
Koser, K. (2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203414736 · Cited by 202
Transnationalism: A Category of Analysis
Briggs, L., McCormick, G. I., & Way, J. T. (2008) · American Quarterly · doi:10.1353/aq.0.0038 · Cited by 197
Hanchard, M. (2003) · Theory Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/02632764030204002 · Cited by 134
The Modern Girl Around the World
Weinbaum, A. E., Thomas, L. M., Ramamurthy, P., Poiger, U. G., Dong, M. Y., & Barlow, T. E. (2008) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822389194-002 · Cited by 115
La diaspora noire des Amériques
Chivallon, C. (2002) · L Homme · doi:10.4000/lhomme.139 · Cited by 104
GLOBAL BLACK SELF-FASHIONINGS: HIP HOP AS DIASPORIC SPACE
Perry, M. D. (2008) · Identities · doi:10.1080/10702890802470660 · Cited by 103
Globalisation from below: conceptualising the role of the African diasporas in africa's development
Mohan, G., & Zack-Williams, A. B. (2002) · Review of African Political Economy · doi:10.1080/03056240208704610 · Cited by 99
Diakite, D. M., & Hucks, T. E. (2012) · Journal of Africana Religions · doi:10.5325/jafrireli.1.1.0028 · Cited by 98
Busey, C. L., & Dowie‐Chin, T. (2021) · Theory & Research in Social Education · doi:10.1080/00933104.2020.1869632 · Cited by 92
Laó-Montes, A. (2007) · Cultural Studies · doi:10.1080/09502380601164361 · Cited by 89
Eller, A. (2016) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1353/book.64074 · Cited by 86
THE MODERN GIRL AND RACIAL RESPECTABILITY IN 1930S SOUTH AFRICA
Thomas, L. M. (2006) · The Journal of African History · doi:10.1017/s0021853706002131 · Cited by 83
Making and remaking Tibetan diasporic identities
Houston, S. D., & Wright, R. A. (2003) · Social & Cultural Geography · doi:10.1080/14649360309062 · Cited by 80
‘I like Your Colour!’ Skin Bleaching and Geographies of Race in Urban Ghana
Pierre, J. (2008) · Feminist Review · doi:10.1057/fr.2008.36 · Cited by 80
Exceptional Violence: Embodied Citizenship in Transnational Jamaica
Thomas, D. A. (2011) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 71
Introduction: African (Black) Diaspora History, Latin American History
Vinson, B. (2006) · The Americas A Quarterly Review of Latin American History · doi:10.1017/s0003161500062507 · Cited by 70
Kelley, R. D. G. (2013) · University of Minnesota Press eBooks · doi:10.5749/minnesota/9780816677382.001.0001 · Cited by 67
Self-citationExcavating America’s Metaphor: Race, Diaspora, and Vindicationist Archaeologies
Mullins, P. R. (2008) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/bf03377076 · Cited by 41
NEW SPHERES OF TRANSNATIONAL FORMATIONS: MOBILIZATIONS OF HUMANITARIAN DIASPORAS
Clarke, K. M. (2010) · Transforming Anthropology · doi:10.1111/j.1548-7466.2010.01074.x · Cited by 59
Busey, C. L., & Coleman‐King, C. (2020) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085920927770 · Cited by 54
RACIALIZATION, GENDER, AND THE NEGOTIATION OF POWER IN STOCKHOLM’S AFRICAN DANCE COURSES
Sawyer, L. S. (2006) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822387596-016 · Cited by 53
GENTRIFICATION, GLOBALIZATION, AND GEORACIALITY
Jackson, J. L. (2006) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822387596-010 · Cited by 50
Sáez, E. M. (2011) · Contemporary Literature · doi:10.1353/cli.2011.0029 · Cited by 50
Mémoires antillaises de l'esclavage
Chivallon, C. (2002) · Ethnologie française · doi:10.3917/ethn.024.0601 · Cited by 47
Competing Meanings of the Diaspora: The Case of Zimbabweans in Britain
Pasura, D. (2010) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2010.498670 · Cited by 47
The Case for Diaspora: A Temporal Approach to the Chinese Experience
Chan, S. (2014) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/s0021911814001703 · Cited by 45
Thomas, D. A., & Clarke, K. M. (2006) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822387596-001 · Cited by 44
Re- viewing Studies on Africa, #Black Lives Matter, and Envisioning the Future of African Studies
Ampofo, A. A. (2016) · African Studies Review · doi:10.1017/asr.2016.34 · Cited by 41
Confounding Anti-racism: Mixture, Racial Democracy, and Post-racial Politics in Brazil
Costa, A. E. D. (2014) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/0896920513508663 · Cited by 40
Reconstructing Blackness in Grassroots Interactions Between Chinese and Africans in Guangzhou
Lan, S. (2019) · Anthropological Quarterly · doi:10.1353/anq.2019.0023 · Cited by 38
Mafico, N., Krzeminska, A., Härtel, C. E. J., & Keller, J. (2021) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2021.106093 · Cited by 38
A Fractured Transnational Diaspora: The Case of Zimbabweans in Britain
Pasura, D. (2011) · International Migration · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00675.x · Cited by 38
Onward Migration : The Transnational Trajectories of Iranians Leaving Sweden
Kelly, M. (2013) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 38
“Ser De Aquí”: Beyond the Cuban Exile Model
Mirabal, N. R. (2003) · Latino Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.lst.8600044 · Cited by 37
Legacies of Engagement: Scholarship Informed by Political Commitment
Isaacman, A. (2003) · African Studies Review · doi:10.2307/1514979 · Cited by 37
Sharpe, J. (2003) · Gender & History · doi:10.1111/j.0953-5233.2003.00315.x · Cited by 36
Black Transnationalism, Africana Studies, and the 21st Century
Hanchard, M. (2004) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/0021934704266718 · Cited by 36
The Challenges of Studying the African Diasporas
Zeleza, P. (2010) · African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie · doi:10.4314/asr.v12i2.49831 · Cited by 36
HERTZMAN, M. A. (2009) · Journal of Latin American Studies · doi:10.1017/s0022216x09990563 · Cited by 35
In the Shadow of the Castle: (Trans)Nationalism, African American Tourism, and Gorée Island
Tillet, S. (2009) · Research in African Literatures · doi:10.2979/ral.2009.40.4.122 · Cited by 35
Givens, J. R. (2015) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2015.1103724 · Cited by 35
Železa, P. T. (2004) · Comparative Studies of South Asia Africa and the Middle East · doi:10.1215/1089201x-24-1-261 · Cited by 35
Contested Childhoods: Growing up in Migrancy
Seeberg, M. L., Goździak, E. M., & Publishing, S. I. (2016) · IMISCOE research series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44610-3 · Cited by 32
Who Is Afraid of the Chinese Modern Girl?
Dong, M. Y. (2008) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822389194-009 · Cited by 32
Chivallon, C. (2008) · L Homme · doi:10.4000/lhomme.29316 · Cited by 32
Beyond Gilroy's Black Atlantic: The Experience of the African Diaspora
Chivallon, C. (2002) · Diaspora A Journal of Transnational Studies · doi:10.3138/diaspora.11.3.359 · Cited by 31
Góes, J. (2021) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x2100045x · Cited by 30
Introduction to the Project and the Volume Enacting a Translocal Feminist Politics of Translation
Álvarez, S. E. (2014) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822376828-001 · Cited by 30
Black star: African American activism in the international political economy
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-5283 · Cited by 30
Sabar, G. (2004) · Journal of Religion in Africa · doi:10.1163/1570066042564400 · Cited by 29
Clarke, K. M. (2006) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv121027b.10 · Cited by 28
Locating Africans on the World Stage: A Problem in World History
Manning, P. M. (2015) · Journal of world history · doi:10.1353/jwh.2015.0018 · Cited by 27
The African Diaspora and the Disciplines
Ọláníyan, T., & Sweet, J. H. (2010) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · doi:10.7275/697 · Cited by 27
Godreau, I. P. (2006) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv121027b.12 · Cited by 27
Baker, L. D. (2006) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822387596-002 · Cited by 26
Barlow, T. E. (2008) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822389194-013 · Cited by 26
Genetic Diaspora: Producing Knowledge of Genes and Jews in Rural South Africa
Tamarkin, N. (2014) · Cultural Anthropology · doi:10.14506/ca29.3.06 · Cited by 26
Chivallon, C. (2006) · Autrepart · doi:10.3917/autr.038.0039 · Cited by 26
Recasting ‘Black Venus’ in the new African Diaspora
Ifekwunigwe, J. O. (2004) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2004.10.008 · Cited by 26
CARTOGRAFÍAS DEL CAMPO POLÍTICO AFRODESCENDIENTE EN AMÉRICA LATINA
Laó-Montes, A. (2020) · Universidad del Externado de Colombia eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1rcdzrr.9 · Cited by 26
‘Cocolos Modernos’: Salsa, Reggaetón, and Puerto Rico's Cultural Politics of Blackness
Rivera-Rideau, P. R. (2013) · Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies · doi:10.1080/17442222.2013.768459 · Cited by 25
Swaby, N. A. (2014) · Feminist Review · doi:10.1057/fr.2014.30 · Cited by 25
Theorizing Africa in Black Diaspora Studies: Caryl Phillips' Crossing the River
Goyal, Y. (2003) · Diaspora A Journal of Transnational Studies · doi:10.1353/dsp.2011.0033 · Cited by 25
Rituals, Runaways, and the Haitian Revolution
Eddins, C. N. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009256148 · Cited by 24
The Sixth Zone: The African Diaspora and the African Union’s Global Era Pan Africanism
Edozie, R. K. (2011) · Journal of African American Studies · doi:10.1007/s12111-011-9202-1 · Cited by 24
Incontestable: Imagining possibilities through intimate Black geographies
Hirsch, L. A., & Jones, N. (2021) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/tran.12488 · Cited by 24
Gow, J. N. (2023) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2023.2176245 · Cited by 22
Ain’t I a Migrant?: Global Blackness and the Future of Migration Studies
Beaman, J., & Clergé, O. (2024) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1177/01979183241271685 · Cited by 22
Introduction: On the Virtues of Seeing—At Least, But Never Only—Double
Chandler, N. D. (2012) · CR The New Centennial Review · doi:10.2307/41949766 · Cited by 21
Sutton Griggs And The Borderlands Of Empire
Levander, C. F. (2009) · University of Georgia Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780820379548-003 · Cited by 21
Hernández-Reguant, A. (2006) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822387596-013 · Cited by 21
The spaces of diaspora’s revitalization: Transregions, infrastructure and urbanism
Ashutosh, I. (2019) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132519868765 · Cited by 21
The Modern Girl as Heuristic Device
Weinbaum, A. E., Thomas, L. M., Ramamurthy, P., Poiger, U. G., Dong, M. Y., & Barlow, T. E. (2008) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822389194-001 · Cited by 21
Chocolate and Corn Flour: History, Race, and Place in the Making of “Black” Mexico
Lewis, L. A. (2012) · ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) · Cited by 21
Emigration and the Spatial Production of Difference from Cape Verde
Fikes, K. (2007) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230606982_8 · Cited by 21
Cartographies of Globalization, Technologies of Gendered Subjectivities
Sharpe, J. (2005) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1134gxq.14 · Cited by 20
Thinking “Diaspora” with Stuart Hall
Sharpe, J. (2018) · Qui Parle · doi:10.1215/10418385-4382974 · Cited by 20
Phantom Pains: The Effect of Police Killings of Black Americans on Black British Attitudes
Laniyonu, A. (2021) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123421000557 · Cited by 20
African Presence in Former Soviet Spaces
Fikes, K., & Lemon, A. (2002) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085420 · Cited by 20
Thayer, M. (2014) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822376828-022 · Cited by 19
Writing the History of the African Diaspora
Falọla, T. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009442084 · Cited by 18
Kohnert (2006) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.921535 · Cited by 18
Makalani, M. (2009) · Social Text · doi:10.1215/01642472-2008-014 · Cited by 17
Leaving area studies behind: the challenge of diasporic connections in the field of African studies
Schramm, K. (2007) · African and Black Diaspora An International Journal · doi:10.1080/17528630701676588 · Cited by 17
A narrative exploration of gender performances and gender relations in the Caribbean diaspora
Joseph, J. (2014) · Identities · doi:10.1080/1070289x.2013.854721 · Cited by 17
BLACK AND RED: BLACK LIBERATION, THE COLD WAR, AND THE HORNE THESIS
McDuffie, E. S. (2011) · The Journal of African American History · doi:10.5323/jafriamerhist.96.2.0236 · Cited by 17
King, L. J. (2015) · The Journal of Negro Education · doi:10.7709/jnegroeducation.84.4.0519 · Cited by 16
Kerr, J., Northington, T., Sockdjou, T., & Maticka‐Tyndale, E. (2018) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2018.0049 · Cited by 16
Africans to Spanish America: Expanding the Diaspora
Bryant, S. K., & O’Toole, R. S. (2012) · Cited by 16
FEMINIST THEORIES, TRANSNATIONAL TRANSLATIONS, AND CULTURAL MEDIATIONS
Costa, C. D. L. (2014) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822376828-008 · Cited by 15
Aquilombamento, Entrepreneurial Black Placemaking in an Anti-Black City
Murphy, D. M. (2022) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/23326492221077945 · Cited by 15
Francite et situation coloniale
Vidal, C. (2009) · Annales Histoire Sciences Sociales · doi:10.1017/s0395264900024306 · Cited by 15
The “Three Circles” Construction
Alhassen, M. (2015) · Journal of Africana Religions · doi:10.5325/jafrireli.3.1.0001 · Cited by 14
Hagedorn, O. (2020) · African and Black Diaspora An International Journal · doi:10.1080/17528631.2020.1726577 · Cited by 14
Figueroa, A. V. (2011) · Cited by 14
On civilized plurality: Mapping the clash of civilizations within the market
Bilgin, M. (2005) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.002 · Cited by 14
Afro-Latinidades and the Diasporic Imaginary
Laó-Montes, A. (2014) · Iberoamericana. América Latina, España, Portugal: Ensayos sobre letras, historia y sociedad. Notas. Reseñas iberoamericanas · doi:10.18441/ibam.5.2005.17.117-130 · Cited by 13
Contentious Diasporas: Gender, Sexuality, and Heteronationalisms in the Cuban Iyanifa Debate
Jesús, A. M. B. (2015) · Signs · doi:10.1086/680327 · Cited by 13
Ifekwunigwe, J. O. (2002) · Ethnicities · doi:10.1177/14687968020020030301 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Patterson, T. R., & Kelley, R. D. G.
- Venue
- African Studies Review
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 2000-04
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11
- ISSN
- 0002-0206 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2050621432
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 180
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 27
- Type
- book review
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- African Studies Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Colonialism, slavery, and trade
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
- Social Sciences › Demography › Diaspora, migration, transnational identity
- Keywords
- African diaspora, migration, modernity, transatlantic slave trade, slavery, Black history, world history
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review