Second Intermediate Period

May combine two claims.

Theban kings of early Dynasty 18 subdued rival political entities in Egypt and Nubia, consolidating the territory of the Late Middle Kingdom state and extending beyond its original limits.

“Eventually, Theban kings of early Dynasty 18 subdued rival political entities in Egypt and Nubia, consolidating under their reign the territory of the Late Middle Kingdom state and extending beyond its original limits (Popko 2013).”

• cites Popko 2013Partly supported

  The Political and Military Events section reports Ahmose’s conquest of Avaris, campaign into Nubia, and the reunified country he left to his successors. It also says the Theban state became a major empire within decades. These passages support the broad account of consolidation and expansion, but do not explicitly compare its territory with the Late Middle Kingdom state’s limits. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Native Theban rulers were adapting the monuments of their predecessors in Upper Egypt and bringing some items from the Hyksos realm to Thebes after the defeat of the Hyksos.

“native Theban rulers were adapting the monuments of their predecessors in Upper Egypt and bringing some items from the Hyksos realm to Thebes after the defeat of the Hyksos.”

May combine two claims.

The Second Intermediate Period was a time of large-scale adaptation and relocation of monuments, flourishing in all the kingdoms on the Nile.

“The Second Intermediate Period was the time of large-scale adaptation and relocation of monuments, flourishing in all the kingdoms on the Nile.”

May combine two claims.

Excavations of Kerma revealed massive fortifications and signs of a complex political organization contemporary with Egyptian Old and Middle Kingdom.

“Excavations of this city revealed massive fortifications (Bonnet 2014a: 215-232) and signs of a complex political organization contemporary with Egyptian Old and Middle Kingdom.”

• cites Bonnet 2014a: 215-232Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The rulers of Kush were relocating fine statues and other Egyptian pieces to Kerma during their raids, which reached as far north as Assiut.

“the rulers of Kush were relocating fine statues and other Egyptian pieces to Kerma during their raids, which reached as far north as Assiut”

May combine two claims.

The Book of the Dead, first attested in the early Second Intermediate Period, continued to be used for much longer.

“The Book of the Dead, first attested in the early Second Intermediate Period (Parkinson and Quirke 1992;Quirke 2005), continued to be used for much longer.”

• cites Parkinson and Quirke 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Quirke 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There is evidence for the sickle-sword and the horse appearing at Tell el-Dabaa before the first attestation of their use by Egyptians at the beginning of Dynasty 18.

“There is evidence for the sickle-sword and the horse appearing at Tell el-Dabaa before the first attestation of their use by Egyptians at the beginning of Dynasty 18.”

May combine two claims.

Only in the Theban realm do scarab seals seem to have fallen out of use as compared to the previous period, and the quality of scarab production declined, though the lack of excavated Second Intermediate Period Theban contexts prevents a definitive conclusion.

“Only in the Theban realm, scarab seals seem to have fallen out of use as compared to the previous period (the lack of excavated Second Intermediate Period Theban contexts, which could have included seals and sealing, prevents scholars from drawing a definitive conclusion), and the quality of scarab production declined.”

May combine two claims.

The single horse burial found at Tell el-Dabaa dates to phase E/1, though its military use is questioned.

“the single horse burial found at Tell el-Dabaa (whereas numerous burials of smaller equids are known from this and other sites associated with the kingdom of Avaris) dates to phase E/1 (yet its military use is questioned, see Raulwing and Clutton-Brock 2009: 66-78;and Shaw 2012: 102).”

• cites Raulwing and Clutton-Brock 2009: 66-78Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Shaw 2012: 102Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

At Tell el-Dabaa, stamps were applied not only to seal goods and spaces, but also for registering goods or transactions.

“Here, stamps were applied not only to seal goods and spaces, but also for registering goods or transactions (Reali 2013).”

• cites Reali 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The geographical distribution and contexts of scarab-seal finds shed light on trade contacts between distinct regions in the Second Intermediate Period and help synchronize their internal chronologies.

“The geographical distribution and contexts of finds shed light on trade contacts between distinct regions in the Second Intermediate Period and help synchronize their internal chronologies (the key here is the repertory of scarabs from stratified contexts in Tell el-Dabaa, analyzed by Christa Mlinar [2001]).”

• cites Mlinar 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The summation of the reigns of Dynasty 16 kings in line 11.15 of the Turin king-list does not leave enough room for all known Theban kings, which justifies the division of Second Intermediate Period Theban rulers into two dynasties, 16 and 17.

“yet the summation of the reigns of Dynasty 16 kings in line 11.15 of the Turin king-list does not leave enough room for all of the known Theban kings, which justifies the division of Second Intermediate Period Theban rulers into two dynasties, 16 and 17 (Ryholt 1997: 151-152).”

• cites Ryholt 1997: 151-152Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The production and use of royal-name scarabs flourished under Dynasty 13 and was adopted by the rulers of the Delta, many of whom are known exclusively from scarabs.

“The production and use of royal-name scarabs, which flourished under Dynasty 13, was adopted by the rulers of the Delta, many of whom are known exclusively from scarabs.”

May combine two claims.

The Turin king-list is fragmented, and modern chronologies rely on Kim Ryholt's reconstruction, of which only preliminary accounts have been published.

“The papyrus is fragmented, and modern chronologies rely on its reconstruction by Kim Ryholt, of which only preliminary accounts have been published (Ryholt 1997(Ryholt : 9-33, 2004)).”

• cites Ryholt 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [2004]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A Dynasty 22 genealogy of Memphite priests claims that the sequence of these priests went uninterrupted from Dynasty 12 to Dynasty 18 and mentions priests who served under three kings, most likely ruling from Avaris.

“A Dynasty 22 genealogy of Memphite priests (Berlin 23673; Borchardt 1935: 96-112, pls.2, 2a) claims that the sequence of these priests went uninterrupted from Dynasty 12 to Dynasty 18 and mentions priests who served under three kings, most likely ruling from Avaris.”

• cites Borchardt 1935: 96-112Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Numerous private monuments were erected in Upper Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period.

“Numerous private monuments were erected in Upper Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period.”

May combine two claims.

Rulers of the political entities of the Second Intermediate Period proclaimed themselves kings and adopted elements of Egyptian royal ideology, although some rival states were dominated by non-Egyptian elites.

“Rulers of these entities proclaimed themselves kings and adopted elements of Egyptian royal ideology, although some of the rival states were dominated by non-Egyptian elites.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In the Second Intermediate Period (late 13th to 17th Dynasty), the territories formerly ruled by the centralized Egyptian state, including Lower Nubia, were divided between the kingdom of Kerma, the Theban kingdom, the kingdom of Avaris, and possibly other little known political entities.

“In the Second Intermediate Period (late 13th to 17th Dynasty), the territories that had been ruled by the centralized Egyptian state-including Lower Nubia-were divided between the kingdom of Kerma, the Theban kingdom, the kingdom of Avaris, and possibly other little known political entities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The preserved inscriptions of Avaris rulers are mere consecration texts.

“The preserved inscriptions of Avaris rulers are mere consecration texts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These three kingdoms are thought to have been at play throughout the Second Intermediate Period, but further independent units could have existed at its earlier stages.

“These three kingdoms are thought to have been at play throughout the Second Intermediate Period; however, further independent units could have existed at its earlier stages.”

May combine two claims.

The list of dynasties and kings in the Turin king-list, as reconstructed by Ryholt and James P. Allen, generally matches the transmission of Manetho's chronology by Africanus, with Dynasties 14 and 15 ruling at Avaris and Dynasties 16 and 17 at Thebes.

“The list of dynasties (non-numbered) and kings in the Turin king-list, as reconstructed by Ryholt and by James P. Allen (2010), generally matches the transmission of Manetho's chronology by Africanus (as summarized in Table 1), with Dynasties 14 and 15 ruling at Avaris and Dynasties 16 and 17 at Thebes.”

• cites RyholtNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Allen 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

No royal inscriptions from Kerma are known.

“No royal inscriptions from Kerma are known.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It has become commonplace in modern scholarship to estimate the boundaries of territories directly controlled or influenced by political entities of the Second Intermediate Period according to the spread of particular forms of material culture.

“Nevertheless, it has become commonplace in modern scholarship to estimate the boundaries of territories directly controlled or influenced by political entities of the Second Intermediate Period according to the spread of particular forms of material culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

No private monumental inscriptions are attributable to officials of the kingdom of Avaris.

“No private monumental inscriptions are attributable to officials of the kingdom of Avaris (although some individuals are mentioned on royal monuments).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Other Lower Nubian memorials known from the Second Intermediate Period were presumably inscribed under Kerma rule.

“other Lower Nubian memorials known from this period were presumably inscribed under the Kerma rule.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A gap in the written documentation for the Second Intermediate Period calls for wide use of sigillographic and archaeological evidence in reconstructing its history.

“A gap in the written documentation calls for a wide use of sigillographic and archaeological evidence in the reconstruction of the history of this period.”

May combine two claims.

A protracted crisis of uncertain nature struck the Egyptian centralized state at the end of the Late Middle Kingdom and enabled or caused the division of its territory between several political entities.

“A protracted crisis of uncertain nature that struck the Egyptian centralized state at the end of the Late Middle Kingdom enabled or caused the division of its territory between several political entities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ryholt reallocated some fragments once attributed to the Second Intermediate Period to the list of mythological rulers at the beginning of the papyrus based on matching fibers, but this solution is not universally accepted.

“Ryholt reallocated some of the fragments, once attributed to the Second Intermediate Period, to the list of mythological rulers at the beginning of the papyrus based on matching fibers, but this solution is not universally accepted.”

May combine two claims.

Material culture, art, and administration developed independently in different parts of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period because there was no centralized state.

“Material culture, art, and administration developed independently in different parts of Egypt due to a lack of a centralized state.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is methodologically incorrect to directly project the evidence for cultural disconnectedness of Egyptian regions onto the political situation, because this diversity could be explained by other factors.

“Admittedly, it is methodologically incorrect to directly project this evidence for the cultural disconnectedness of Egyptian regions on the political situation, for this diversity could be explained by other factors.”

May combine two claims.

In the Late Middle Kingdom, Tell el-Dabaa became a major harbor for sea-going ships and a trading post with stable connections across the Mediterranean.

“In the Late Middle Kingdom, Tell el-Dabaa, lying on the Pelusiac Nile branch, became a major harbor for sea-going ships and a trading post with stable connections across the Mediterranean (Forstner-Müller 2014: 33).”

• cites Forstner-Müller 2014: 33Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The stelae of Kamose, the last Theban king of Dynasty 17, give an extensive overview of the political situation in Egypt before the defeat of the kingdom of Avaris, albeit biased.

“The stelae of Kamose, the last Theban king of Dynasty 17, albeit undoubtedly biased, give an extensive overview of the political situation in Egypt before the defeat of the kingdom of Avaris.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The kingdom of Kerma is least represented in written sources of the Second Intermediate Period.

“The kingdom of Kerma is least represented in written sources of the Second Intermediate Period.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

At some point, the leaders of the local foreign population at Tell el-Dabaa proclaimed themselves kings.

“At some point, the leaders of the local foreign population should have proclaimed themselves kings.”

May combine two claims.

The exact origin of the Levantine population at Tell el-Dabaa is still debated, but currently seaborne immigration from the northern Levant finds better support than immigration from the southern Levant across the Sinai.

“The exact origin of this Levantine population is still debated, but currently the seaborne immigration from the northern Levant (Bietak 2010a) finds better support than the immigration from the southern Levant across the Sinai (Ben-Tor 2007: 189-190).”

• cites Bietak 2010aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ben-Tor 2007: 189-190Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Moeller, Marouard, and Ayers argued that the copresence of sealings with the names of Khian and Sobekhotep IV in the abandonment layer of an administrative building at Edfu indicated the two kings were contemporaries.

“Moeller, Marouard, and Ayers (Moeller et al. 2011) argued that the copresence of sealings with the names of Khian and Sobekhotep IV in the abandonment layer of an administrative building at Edfu indicated the two kings were contemporaries (for counterarguments, see Ilin-Tomich 2014).”

• cites Moeller et al. 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ilin-Tomich 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The emergence of original forms of ceramic ware at Tell el-Dabaa with no exact parallels in Egypt or the Levant in stratigraphic phase F is seen in scholarly literature as a sign of cutting ties with Egyptian central power.

“The emergence of original forms of ceramic ware at Tell el-Dabaa with no exact parallels in Egypt or in the Levant in stratigraphic phase F is seen in scholarly literature as a sign of cutting ties with Egyptian central power (Bader 2009: 705; Kopetzky 2010: 270-271).”

• cites Bader 2009: 705Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kopetzky 2010: 270-271Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The ethnic affiliation of the populations of the kingdom of Kerma remains unknown.

“The ethnic affiliation of the populations of the kingdom of Kerma remains unknown.”

May combine two claims.

The transition from the Second Intermediate Period to the New Kingdom was the time when a number of advances were introduced in Egypt, particularly in the military sphere, including the horse and the chariot, the composite bow, and the xpS-sickle-sword.

“The transition from the Second Intermediate Period to the New Kingdom was the time when a number of advances were introduced in Egypt, particularly in the military sphere (including the horse and the chariot, the composite bow, the xpS-sickle-sword).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Apep's rule marks the terminative phase of the Second Intermediate Period, highlighted by the confrontation with the Theban kingdom.

“Apep's rule marks the terminative phase of the Second Intermediate Period, highlighted by the confrontation with the Theban kingdom.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Whereas it is generally accepted that the name of the Dynasty 15 king Apep corresponds to Aphophis in the Manethonean tradition, the identification of other kings remains debatable.

“Whereas it is generally accepted that the name of the Dynasty 15 king Apep corresponds to Αφωφις in the Manethonean tradition, the identification of other kings remains debatable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ryholt argued that the first independent rulers in the Delta were contemporaries of the early kings of Dynasty 13, based on the find of a sealing with the name of Sheshi together with sealings of Khabau, a likely coregent of king Hor of earlier Dynasty 13.

“Ryholt (1997Ryholt ( : 42-43, 321-322, 2010) ) argued that the first independent rulers in the Delta were contemporaries of the early kings of Dynasty 13, based on the find of a sealing with the name of Sheshi together with sealings of Khabau, a likely coregent of king Hor of earlier Dynasty 13 (for counterarguments, see Ben-Tor et al. 1999: 55-60;Ben-Tor 2010).”

• cites Ryholt 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ben-Tor et al. 1999: 55-60 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Meyer's hypothesis that the Theban kings of the Second Intermediate Period were elected for a specific length of time is not supported by any unambiguous evidence and is at variance with the Egyptian concept of kingship.

“Meyer (1909: 301) suggested that the Theban kings of this period were elected for a specific length of time.This hypothesis has not been supported by any unambiguous evidence and is at variance with the Egyptian concept of kingship (von Beckerath 1964: 88).”

• cites von Beckerath 1964: 88Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Since Egyptian forts in Lower Nubia show evidence for continuity throughout the Second Intermediate Period, the shift of control over Lower Nubia to Kerma is considered to have been smooth.

“Since Egyptian forts in Lower Nubia show evidence for continuity throughout the Second Intermediate Period, one considers the shift of control over Lower Nubia to Kerma to have been smooth (Smith 1995: 81-136).”

• cites Smith 1995: 81-136Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Only a few kings of the kingdom of Avaris, known from contemporary documents, also appear in the Turin king-list.

“Only a few kings of the kingdom of Avaris, known from contemporary documents, also appear in the Turin king-list.”

May combine two claims.

Dynasty 17 kings constructed a palatial complex at Deir el-Ballas, which is thought to have played an important role during this dynasty, but was abandoned in early Dynasty 18.

“Dynasty 17 kings constructed a palatial complex at Deir el-Ballas, which is thought to have played an important role during this dynasty, but was abandoned in early Dynasty 18 (Lacovara 1997: 14-15;Ryholt 1997: 174 n. 625).”

• cites Lacovara 1997: 14-15Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ryholt 1997: 174 n. 625Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The kingdom of Avaris maintained a vast network of trade connections across the Mediterranean and the Near East.

“The kingdom of Avaris maintained a vast network of trade connections across the Mediterranean and the Near East.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Judging from the regnal years recorded in Second Intermediate Period inscriptions and from the overall number of kings during a relatively short period, it is assumed that most kings reigned no longer than a few years, which calls for an explanation.

“Judging from the regnal years recorded in Second Intermediate Period inscriptions and from the overall number of kings during a relatively short period, it is assumed that most kings reigned no longer than a few years, which calls for an explanation.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Most kings during the Second Intermediate Period reigned no longer than a few years.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To account for the large number of kings, Eduard Meyer suggested that the Theban kings of this period were elected for a specific length of time.

“To account for the large number of kings, Eduard Meyer (1909: 301) suggested that the Theban kings of this period were elected for a specific length of time.”

• cites Meyer 1909: 301Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It was noted by Anthony Spalinger, Chris Bennett, and Daniel Polz that the genealogy of the governors of Elkab outlined in the Juridical stela and in their tombs suggests that the last kings of Dynasty 13 at Itytawy could have ruled simultaneously with the first independent Theban rulers.

“It was noted by Anthony Spalinger (2001: 298), Chris Bennett (2002: 128-129), and Daniel Polz (Polz and Seiler 2003: 46-47) that the genealogy of the governors of Elkab outlined in the Juridical stela and in their tombs suggests that the last kings of Dynasty 13 at Itytawy could have ruled simultaneously with the first independent Theban rulers.”

• cites Spalinger 2001: 298Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Bennett 2002: 128-129 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Polz and Seiler 2003: 46-47Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Avaris was actively expanding since becoming the capital of a kingdom, and the size it reached in the late Second Intermediate Period allowed Manfred Bietak to call it the largest known city in Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean of that time.

“Avaris was actively expanding since becoming the capital of a kingdom, and the size it reached in late Second Intermediate Period allowed Manfred Bietak (2010b: 13) to call it the largest known city in Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean of that time.”

• cites Bietak 2010b: 13Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The Theban kingdom could have emerged within the limits of the region Head of South, controlled from Thebes during the Late Middle Kingdom; besides, Theban kings were active along the Wadi Hammamat and on the Red Sea in Gebel Zeit.

“The Theban kingdom could have emerged within the limits of the region”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nehsi is one of the four Dynasty 14 kings known both from the Turin king-list and from contemporary inscribed objects.

“Nehsi is one of the four Dynasty 14 kings known both from the Turin king-list and from contemporary inscribed objects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Based on three stelae of otherwise unattested kings found at Abydos, Ryholt suggested that a short-lived dynasty ruled at Abydos.

“Based on three stelae of otherwise unattested kings found at Abydos, Ryholt (1997) suggested that a short-lived dynasty ruled at Abydos.”

• cites Ryholt 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The territory directly ruled by the kings of Avaris was likely confined to the eastern Delta, and the nature of power they exerted over the Memphis-Fayum region and Middle Egypt remains unclear.

“The territory directly ruled by the kings of Avaris was likely confined to the eastern Delta (Colin 2005;Bader 2009), and the nature of power they exerted over the Memphis-Fayum region and Middle Egypt remains unclear.”

• cites Colin 2005Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bader 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The coexistence of several rival political entities makes the synchronization of their internal chronologies a poignant issue.

“The coexistence of several rival political entities makes the synchronization of their internal chronologies a poignant issue.”

May combine two claims.

Ryholt's idea of an Abydos Dynasty was refuted by Marcel Marée, who showed that one of the purported Abydene royal stelae stemmed from the same workshop as the stelae of a contemporary of the Theban king Rahotep.

“Ryholt's idea was refuted by Marcel Marée (2010b: 261-266), who showed that one of the purported Abydene royal stelae stemmed from the same workshop as the stelae of a contemporary of the Theban king Rahotep.”

• cites Marée 2010b: 261-266Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The lack of central administration as compared to the Late Middle Kingdom administration of Itytawy, and the militancy of the Theban kingdom, were inherited by Dynasty 18 Egypt.

“The lack of central administration as compared to the Late Middle Kingdom administration of Itytawy and the militancy (manifested in royal ideological texts and the omnipresence of military officials) of the Theban kingdom were inherited by Dynasty 18 Egypt.”

May combine two claims.

The non-Egyptian personal names of kings of Avaris, attested mainly by scarabs, are believed to be of northwest Semitic origin; earlier propositions that they could have been of Hurrian origin have been rejected.

“The non-Egyptian personal names of kings, attested mainly by scarabs (fig.1), are believed to be of northwest Semitic origin; earlier propositions that they could have been of Hurrian origin have been rejected (Schneider 1998).”

• cites Schneider 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The existence of other hypothetical political entities in the Second Intermediate Period has been assumed by scholars, though there is no sufficient evidence to confirm the reality of any of them.

“The existence of other hypothetical political entities has been assumed by scholars, though there is no sufficient evidence to confirm the reality of any of them.”

May combine two claims.

The find of a royal tomb does not prove that the royal residence was located at Abydos, for some kings of Dynasties 12 and 13, ruling at Itytawy, and the Theban king Ahmose are known to have constructed tombs and cenotaphs at Abydos.

“However, the find of a royal tomb does not prove that the royal residence was located at Abydos, for some kings of Dynasties 12 and 13, ruling at Itytawy, and the Theban king Ahmose are known to have constructed tombs and cenotaphs at Abydos.”

May combine two claims.

Private memorials suggest that the complex administration of the previous epoch was significantly simplified in the Second Intermediate Period, when many earlier bureaucratic offices seemingly disappeared from sources and the repertoire of administrative titles became dominated by those of the military and temple officials.

“On the other hand, they suggest that the complex administration of the previous epoch was significantly simplified in the Second Intermediate Period, when many earlier bureaucratic offices seemingly disappeared from sources and the repertoire of administrative titles became dominated by those of the military and temple officials.”