The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evidence on the Trade-Off between Real Activities Manipulation and Accrual-Based Earnings Management
Open accessAbstract
I study whether managers use real activities manipulation and accrual-based earnings management as substitutes in managing earnings. I find that managers trade off the two earnings management methods based on their relative costs and that managers adjust the level of accrual-based earnings management according to the level of real activities manipulation realized. Using an empirical model that incorporates the costs associated with the two earnings management methods and captures managers' sequential decisions, I document large-sample evidence consistent with managers using real activities manipulation and accrual-based earnings management as substitutes. Data Availability: Data are available from public sources indicated in the text.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error
Heckman, J. J. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912352 · Cited by 28,779
(2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 27,577
Specification Tests in Econometrics
Hausman, J. A. (1978) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1913827 · Cited by 18,820
FINANCIAL RATIOS, DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS AND THE PREDICTION OF CORPORATE BANKRUPTCY
Altman, E. I. (1968) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00843.x · Cited by 14,888
Estimating Standard Errors in Finance Panel Data Sets: Comparing Approaches
Petersen, M. A. (2009) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhn053 · Cited by 10,746
Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigations
Jones, J. J. (1991) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.2307/2491047 · Cited by 8,353
The economic implications of corporate financial reporting
Graham, J. R., Harvey, C. R., & Rajgopal, S. (2005) · Journal of Accounting and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jacceco.2005.01.002 · Cited by 6,316
Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (1997) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-405x(96)00896-3 · Cited by 5,669
Earnings management through real activities manipulation
Roychowdhury, S. (2006) · Journal of Accounting and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jacceco.2006.01.002 · Cited by 5,405
A Review of the Earnings Management Literature and Its Implications for Standard Setting
Healy, P. M., & Wahlen, J. M. (1999) · Accounting Horizons · doi:10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.365 · Cited by 4,623
Cited by
A review of archival auditing research
DeFond, M., & Zhang, J. (2014) · Journal of Accounting and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jacceco.2014.09.002 · Cited by 3,188
The effects of financial reporting and disclosure on corporate investment: A review
Roychowdhury, S., Shroff, N., & Verdi, R. S. (2019) · Journal of Accounting and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jacceco.2019.101246 · Cited by 749
Do analysts matter for governance? Evidence from natural experiments
Chen, T., Harford, J., & Lin, C. (2015) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.10.002 · Cited by 747
Short Selling and Earnings Management: A Controlled Experiment
FANG, V. W., HUANG, A. H., & KARPOFF, J. M. (2016) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/jofi.12369 · Cited by 485
Internal Governance and Real Earnings Management
Cheng, Q., Lee, J., & Shevlin, T. (2016) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-51275 · Cited by 412
Metadata
- Authors
- Zang, A. Y.
- Venue
- The Accounting Review
- Publisher
- American Accounting Association
- Published
- 2011-11-01
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 675-703
- ISSN
- 0001-4826 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-7967
- OpenAlex
- W2120084007
- Cited by
- 2,291
- References
- 58
- FWCI
- 192.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Evidence on the Trade-Off between Real Activities Manipulation and Accrual-Based Earnings Management. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2308/accr-10196
- The paper
- Zang, A. Y. (2012). Evidence on the Trade-Off between Real Activities Manipulation and Accrual-Based Earnings Management. The Accounting Review. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-10196
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
