The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychometric Properties of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II for Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To perform the first comprehensive psychometric evaluation of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II (HFS-II), a measure of the behavioral and affective dimensions of fear of hypoglycemia, using modern test-theory methods, including item-response theory (IRT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Surveys completed in four previous studies by 777 adults with type 1 diabetes were aggregated for analysis, with 289 subjects completing both subscales of the HFS-II and 488 subjects completing only the Worry subscale. The aggregated sample (53.3% female, 44.4% using insulin pumps) had a mean age of 41.9 years, diabetes duration of 23.8 years, HbA1c value of 7.7%, and 1.4 severe hypoglycemic episodes in the past year. Data analysis included exploratory factor analysis using polychoric correlations and IRT. Factors were analyzed for fit, trait-level locations, point-measure correlations, and separation values. RESULTS: Internal and test-retest reliability was good, as well as convergent validity, as demonstrated by significant correlations with other measures of psychological distress. Scores were significantly higher in subjects who had experienced severe hypoglycemia in the past year. Factor analyses validated the two subscales of the HFS-II. Item analyses showed that 12 of 15 items on the Behavior subscale, and all of the items on the Worry subscale had good-fit statistics. CONCLUSIONS: The HFS-II is a reliable and valid measure of the fear of hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes, and factor analyses and IRT support the two separate subscales of the survey.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“If FoH is identified and a person does not have symptoms of hypoglycemia, a structured program, Blood Glucose Awareness Training, delivered in routine clinical practice can improve A1C, reduce the rate of severe hypoglycemia, and restore hypoglycemia awareness (70,71).”
From Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association (2016) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“If fear of hypoglycemia is identified and a person does not have symptoms of hypoglycemia, a structured program of blood glucose awareness training delivered in routine clinical practice can improve A1C, reduce the rate of severe hypoglycemia, and restore hypoglycemia awareness (382,383).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [383]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 20,015
WARE, J. E., KOSINSKI, M., & KELLER, S. D. (1996) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003 · Cited by 17,392
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407
Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424 · Cited by 12,298
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2 · Cited by 6,691
Handbook of Psychology and Diabetes
Bradley, C. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315077369 · Cited by 668
Fear of hypoglycemia: quantification, validation, and utilization
Cox, D. J., Irvine, A., Gonder-Frederick, L., Nowacek, G., & Butterfield, J. (1987) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.10.5.617 · Cited by 579
Self-citation(1999) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410603593 · Cited by 223
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Muthén, 1998, Mplus User’s Guide, Version 5.2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–337 of 337
Managing Hypoglycaemia in Young People with Type 1 Diabetes with an Eating Disorder (T1DE)
Team DFTB (2023) · Don't Forget The Bubbles · doi:10.31440/dftb.54560
Qiu, J., Wang, P., Qin, N., Lv, C., Liang, X., & Jiang, S. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2965878/v1
Aarskog, P., Cid‐Ruzafa, J., Chen, H., Fenici, P., Gutierrez, L. R., Hammar, N., Medina, J., Pascual, E., Saraiva, G. L., Surmont, F., et al. (2023) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2023.07.002
Mul, D., Varkevisser, R. D. M., Aanstoot, H., Dekker, P., Birnie, E., Boersma, H. E., Boesten, L. S. M., Brugts, M. P., van Dijk, P. R., Geelhoed-Duijvestijn, P. H. L. M., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.23294197
Hanaire, H. P., Naïditch, N., Melki, V., Morcel, P., Puech-Bret, N., Scharbarg, E., Godàs, R. T., Lancman, G., Schaller, M., Delval, C., et al. (2023) · EMJ Diabetes · doi:10.33590/emjdiabet/10303508
Bannon, J. (2024) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.2494
Goncuoglu, E. S., & Önmez, A. (2024) · World Journal of Case Reports and Clinical Images · doi:10.51521/wjcrci.2024.31-226
Adaptation and validation of the Health Anxiety Inventory (short version) for medical settings
Colenutt, J., & Daniels, J. (2025) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x2400045x · Cited by 1
Wang, Y., Alexandre‐Heymann, L., Messier, V., Boudreau, V., Bandini, A., Kelly, B., Gravel, A., Gagnon, C., Brazeau, A., & RABASA-LHORET, R. P. R. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.03.009
Psychometric Properties of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey—Parents (HFS-P) in the Portuguese Context
Costa, V., Patton, S. R., do Vale, S., Sampaio, M. D. L., Limbert, C., & Brandão, T. (2025) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology6080071
Li, D., Pan, E., Su, M., Sun, Z., Wen, J., Liu, K., Han, J., Wang, X., Fan, H., & Liu, S. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07324-y
Kubo, M., Haraguchi, A., Horie, I., Yano, H., Tsuchiyama, H., Nakaji, E., Nishikido, S., Nakamura, Y., Nakaji, K., Sako, A., et al. (2025) · Medicine Case Reports and Study Protocols · doi:10.1097/md9.0000000000000380
Gizem, U. Z. L. U., & Demır, H. P. (2025) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/02601060251384724 · Cited by 1
The Prevalence and Implications of Polypharmacy in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes
Ali, N., van Erp, S., Kramers, C., Tack, C. J., & de Galan, B. E. (2025) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.70130
Kim, J. Y., & Yang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science · doi:10.7586/jkbns.25.054
Liu, J., Poon, J.-L., Bispham, J. A., Perez‐Nieves, M., Hughes, A., Chapman, K., Mitchell, B. D., Hood, K. K., Snoek, F. J., & Fisher, L. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22792812
Talbo, M. K., Peters, T. M., Yale, J., Katz, A., Laforest, C., Vanasse, A., Kichler, J., RABASA-LHORET, R. P. R., & Brazeau, A. (2026) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2026.01.004
Garré, T. I., Guédet, C. G., Alexandre‐Heymann, L., Messier, V., Boudreau, V., Tagougui, S., Laforest, C., Brazeau, A., RABASA-LHORET, R. P. R., & Yardley, J. E. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70473
Søholm, U., Holmes‐Truscott, E., Amiel, S. A., de Galan, B. E., Pedersen‐Bjergaard, U., McCrimmon, R. J., Heller, S. R., Evans, M., Mader, J. K., Choudhary, P., et al. (2026) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.70231
Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia: can structured education address this persistent challenge?
Yuanyuan, C. H. E. N., He, X., Shan, Y., & Lan, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1722045
Ritz, P.-J., Aguayo, G., Cosson, E., Canha, D., Renard, É., Merwin, R. M., Amouyal, C., Arnault, G., Bilariki, K., Borot, S., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-104542
Thomson, A. M., McCarthy, S. F., Burr, J. F., Little, J. P., Kebbe, M., & Sénéchal, M. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0346176
Centola, H. J., Plegue, M. A., Albright, D., Mizokami‐Stout, K., Ang, L. P., Iyengar, J., Hirschfeld, E., Kratz, A., Reynolds, E. L., Callaghan, B. C., et al. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2026.04.005
Alotaibi, F. M., Abulqasim, J., & AlKhalifah, R. A. H. (2026) · Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine · doi:10.4103/jnsm.jnsm_34_24
Ralston, J. D., Anderson, M. L., Ng, J., Bashir, A., Ehrlich, K. J., Burns-Hunt, D., Cotton, M., Hansell, L. D., Hsu, C., Hunt, H., et al. (2026) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-026-10491-7
Beckers, M., Harvengt, A., Schoenmaeckers, G. D. V., Beckers, D., Boutsen, L., Mouraux, T., Gies, I., Staels, W., Vanbesien, J., & Lysy, P. A. (2026) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2026.101774
Park, J.-H., Prochnow, T. M., Patterson, M. S., Sherman, L. D., Taylor, H. O., & Smith, M. L. (2026) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/26350106261450914
Lin, Y. K., Søholm, U., Ratzki‐Leewing, A. A., Ye, W., Hepworth, E., Agni, A., Amiel, S. A., & Speight, J. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.71028
Valgaerts, L., Meulemeester, J. D., Visser, M. M., Charleer, S., Fieuws, S., Keymeulen, B., Block, C. E. M. D., Mathieu, C., Casteels, K., & Gillard, P. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-0763 · Cited by 1
Hadj-Abo, A., Gusy, B., & Fleischhauer, M. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0353125
CYRANKA, K. M., Matejko, B., SUSUL, K., Surowiec, P., Wawszczyk, M., Cukierman‐Yaffe, T., Malecki, M., & Klupa, T. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.71170
Bonhoure, A., Yardley, J. E., Boudreau, V., Lépine, L., Moisan, J. M., Messier, V., Brazeau, A., & RABASA-LHORET, R. P. R. (2026) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113484
Ratan, P., Abreu, M., Saldarriaga, L., Faria, H. S., & Trevisan, T. L. (2026) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113492
Craig, C. M., Tan, M. J., Shamloo, T., Perelman, D., & McLaughlin, T. (2026) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2026.156773
Hohendorff, J., Klupa, T., Wrobel, M., Grzelka‐Wozniak, A., Sochacka-Tatara, E., PLONKA-STEPIEN, M., Zych, Z., Matejko, B., ADAMCZYK-HOHENDORFF, M. M., Rokicka, D., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.71339
Geerts, I., Yu, C., Bochanen, N., Heyns, E., Pottelbergh, I. V., Morrens, A., Coremans, P., Philips, J., Carton, T., Vandewalle, S., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15197581
(2026) · ADA Clinical Compendia · doi:10.2337/db20261-33
Metadata
- Authors
- Gonder-Frederick, L. A., Schmidt, K. M., Vajda, K. A., Greear, M. L., Singh, H., Shepard, J. A., & Cox, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gonder-Frederick, Linda A.
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2011-03-21
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 801-806
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC3064031
- OpenAlex
- W2162727613
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 8.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01dk051562-23, 5r01dk028288-27)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R21DK080896, R01-DK-051562, R01-DK-028288)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- fear of hypoglycemia, type 1 diabetes, psychometric properties, item response theory, factor analysis, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, severe hypoglycemia, adults with diabetes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Fear, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Male, Psychometrics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
