The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Day-and-Night Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery in a Broad Population of Pregnant Women With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE Despite advances in technology, optimal glucose control remains elusive and neonatal complications remain ubiquitous in type 1 diabetes (T1D) pregnancy. Our aim was to examine the safety, efficacy, and longer-term feasibility of day-and-night closed-loop insulin delivery. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited 16 pregnant women (mean [SD]: age 32.8 [5.0] years, T1D duration 19.4 [10.2] years, HbA1c 8.0% [1.1], and BMI 26.6 [4.4] kg/m2) to an open-label, randomized, crossover trial. Participants completed 28 days of closed-loop and sensor-augmented pump (SAP) insulin delivery separated by a washout period. Afterward, participants could continue to use the closed-loop system up to 6 weeks postpartum. The primary end point was the proportion of time with glucose levels within the target range (63–140 mg/dL). RESULTS The proportion of time with glucose levels within target was comparable during closed-loop and SAP insulin delivery (62.3 vs. 60.1% [95% CI −4.1 to 8.3]; P = 0.47). Mean glucose and time spent hyperglycemic >140 mg/dL also did not differ (131.4 vs. 131.4 mg/dL [P = 0.85] and 36.6 vs. 36.1% [P = 0.86], respectively). During closed-loop, fewer hypoglycemic episodes occurred (median 8 [range 1–17] vs. 12.5 [1–53] over 28 days; P = 0.04) and less time at <63 mg/dL (1.6 vs. 2.7%; P = 0.02). Hypoglycemia <50 mg/dL (0.24 vs. 0.47%; P = 0.03) and low blood glucose index (1.0 vs. 1.4; P = 0.01) were lower. Less nocturnal hypoglycemia (2300–0700 h) during closed-loop therapy (1.1 vs. 2.7%; P = 0.008) and a trend toward higher overnight time in target (67.7 vs. 60.6%; P = 0.06) were found. CONCLUSIONS Closed-loop insulin delivery was associated with comparable glucose control and significantly less hypoglycemia than SAP therapy. Larger, longer-duration multicenter trials are now indicated to determine clinical efficacy of closed-loop insulin delivery in T1D pregnancy and the impact on neonatal outcomes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 · Cited by 35,234
Feig, D. S., Donovan, L. E., Corcoy, R., Murphy, K. E., Amiel, S. A., Hunt, K. F., Asztalos, E., Barrett, J. F. R., Sanchez, J. J., de Leiva, A., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32400-5 · Cited by 803
Evers, I. M., de Valk, H. W., & Visser, G. H. A. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38043.583160.ee · Cited by 777
Macintosh, M. C. M., Fleming, K. M., Bailey, J. A., Doyle, P., Modder, J., Acolet, D., Golightly, S., & Miller, A. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38856.692986.ae · Cited by 673
Safety of a hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery system in patients with type 1 diabetes
Bergenstal, R. M., Garg, S., Weinzimer, S. A., Buckingham, B. A., Bode, B. W., Tamborlane, W. V., & Kaufman, F. R. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.11708 · Cited by 644
Outpatient Glycemic Control with a Bionic Pancreas in Type 1 Diabetes
Russell, S. J., El-Khatib, F. H., Sinha, M., Magyar, K. L., McKeon, K., Goergen, L. G., BALLIRO, C. A., HILLARD, M. A., Nathan, D. M., & Damiano, E. R. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1314474 · Cited by 617
Fear of hypoglycemia: quantification, validation, and utilization
Cox, D. J., Irvine, A., Gonder-Frederick, L., Nowacek, G., & Butterfield, J. (1987) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.10.5.617 · Cited by 579
Weisman, A., Bai, J.-W., Cardinez, M., Kramer, C. K., & Perkins, B. A. (2017) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30167-5 · Cited by 463
Home Use of an Artificial Beta Cell in Type 1 Diabetes
Thabit, H., Tauschmann, M., Allen, J. M., Leelarathna, L., Hartnell, S., Wilinska, M. E., Acerini, C. L., Dellweg, S., Benesch, C., Heinemann, L., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1509351 · Cited by 450
Self-citationObstetric and Perinatal Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetic Pregnancies
Persson, M., Norman, M., & Hanson, U. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0656 · Cited by 444
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–168 of 168
Halliday, J. A., Russell‐Green, S., Lam, B., Trawley, S. L., McAuley, S. A., Bach, L. A., Burt, M. G., Cohen, N. D., Colman, P. G., Davis, E. A., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2024-004428 · Cited by 8
Closed-loop therapy: recent advancements and potential predictors of glycemic outcomes
Royston, C., Hovorka, R., & Boughton, C. K. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2025.2492363 · Cited by 11
Lei, M., Lin, B., Ling, P., Liu, Z., Yang, D., Deng, H., Yang, X., Lv, J., Xu, W., & Yan, J. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073263 · Cited by 9
Citro, F., Bianchi, C., Aragona, M., Belcari, T., Battini, L., Marchetti, P., & Bertolotto, A. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111611 · Cited by 8
Giannoulaki, P., Kotzakioulafi, E., Nakas, A., Kontoninas, Z., Evripidou, P., & Didangelos, T. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13051441 · Cited by 7
Jabari, M. A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40423-y · Cited by 10
Renard, É., Tubiana‐Rufi, N., Chaillous, L., Bonnemaison, É., Hanaire, H. P., Bismuth, É., Joubert, M., Coutant, R., Schaepelynck, P., Beltrand, J., et al. (2024) · Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques · doi:10.1016/j.mmm.2024.04.002 · Cited by 7
Bismuth, É., Joubert, M., Renard, É., Tubiana‐Rufi, N., Chaillous, L., Bonnemaison, É., Hanaire, H. P., Coutant, R., Schaepelynck, P., Beltrand, J., et al. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2025.101637 · Cited by 9
Resi, V., Bianchi, C., Burlina, S., Grancini, V., Manicardi, E., Masulli, M., Scarpitta, A. M., Sorice, G. P., & Fresa, R. (2025) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-025-02592-2 · Cited by 7
Approach to the Patient Using Diabetes Technology in Pregnancy
Dickens, L. T., & González, M. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae914 · Cited by 6
Buschur, E., Reedy, J., Berget, C., Barnard, J. G., Garcetti, R., Nease, E., Bartholomew, A. B. C., Johnson, C. A., Driscoll, K. A., Dungan, K. M., et al. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.01.005 · Cited by 7
Kaur, R. J., Smith, B. H., Özaslan, B., Pinsker, J. E., Trinidad, M. C., O’Malley, G., Desjardins, D., CASTORINO, K. N., Levister, C. M., Reid, C. L., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2021.0479 · Cited by 6
What's new in the management of type 1 diabetes in pregnancy?
Lee, T., & Murphy, H. R. (2022) · British Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12968/hmed.2022.0412 · Cited by 6
Glycaemic control and novel technology management strategies in pregestational diabetes mellitus
Newman, C., Ero, A., & Dunne, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1109825 · Cited by 6
Nosova, E. V., O’Malley, G., Dassau, E., & Levy, C. J. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13030 · Cited by 6
Citro, F., Bianchi, C., Nicolì, F., Aragona, M., Marchetti, P., Cianni, G. D., & Bertolotto, A. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110979 · Cited by 5
Tahir, S., Naeem, S., Nayyab, I., Batool, A., Emeish, S., Hasan, I., Dhir, A., Shahid, J., Sheraz, M. A., Singh, J., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.113969 · Cited by 5
FIELD, C. P., Venkatesh, K. K., & Buschur, E. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968251329288 · Cited by 5
Research Gaps, Challenges, and Opportunities in Automated Insulin Delivery Systems
Jacobs, P. G., Levy, C. J., Brown, S. A., Riddell, M. C., Çınar, A., Boughton, C. K., Breton, M. D., Dassau, E., Forlenza, G. P., Henderson, R. J., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2025.0129 · Cited by 5
Empfehlungen zur Diabetes-Behandlung mit automatischen Insulin-Dosierungssystemen
Berge, T. V. D., Biester, S., Biester, T., Buchmann, A.-K., Datz, N., Grosser, U., Kapitzke, K., Klusmeier, B., Remus, K., Reschke, F., et al. (2021) · Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel · doi:10.1055/a-1652-9011 · Cited by 4
Yang, Q., Hao, J., Cui, H., Yang, Q., Sun, F., & Zeng, B. (2025) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-025-02454-x · Cited by 3
Use of advanced technology for the treatment of type 1 diabetes in pregnancy
Geerts, I., & Benhalima, K. (2025) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2025.102026 · Cited by 3
Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Systems for People With Type 1 Diabetes
Service, C. H. T. A. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Health Technologies · doi:10.51731/cjht.2021.50 · Cited by 3
Nofal, A. A., Benkhadra, K., Abbas, A. S., Nduwimana, M.-J., Al-Kordi, M., Allababidi, A. K., Wyckoff, J., Lapolla, A., Prokop, L. J., Wang, Z., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf289 · Cited by 3
Carrieri, F., BALDASSARRE, M. P. A., Coluzzi, S., Centorame, G., Consoli, A., & Formoso, G. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-08420-3 · Cited by 3
Villanueva, G., Cogo, E., Buckley, B. S., Petkovic, J., Probyn, K., McIntosh, H., Bergman, H., Christou, M., Pelone, F., Kazi, F., et al. (2026) · Pregnancy · doi:10.1002/pmf2.70224 · Cited by 2
Walz, M. K., & Hamill, N. (2023) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2023.2238237 · Cited by 2
Navigating Automated Insulin Delivery for Type 1 Diabetes Management During Pregnancy
Scifres, C., Cleary, E. M., Sheerer, M., Bowdler, M., & Shah, V. N. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968251334597 · Cited by 2
How Important Is a Closed‐Loop Artificial Pancreas?
Foltyński, P. (2018) · Artificial Organs · doi:10.1111/aor.13338 · Cited by 2
Fernández, J. M., & García-Seco, J. A. (2020) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2020.11.019 · Cited by 2
RetractedPregnancy and type 1 diabetes: updates on technology and treatment
Grant, A. K., & Golden, L. (2020) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000605 · Cited by 2
Type 1 diabetes and pregnancy: An update on glucose monitoring and insulin treatment
Amigó, J., & Corcoy, R. (2022) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.endien.2022.06.008 · Cited by 1
A Review of Automated Insulin Delivery Use in Type 1 Diabetes During Pregnancy
Young, E., Goyette, A. R., Alkire, J. F., Khachemoune, N. L., Bellini, N. J., & Isaacs, D. M. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.10.015 · Cited by 1
Sidki, A., HIGHTON, P. J., O’Mahoney, L. L., & Wilkinson, T. J. (2026) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.70210 · Cited by 1
Amigó, J., & Corcoy, R. (2021) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2021.09.005 · Cited by 1
Kaur, R. J., Levy, C. J., CASTORINO, K. N., Wood‐Wentz, C. M., Rizvi, S., Özaslan, B., O’Malley, G., Trinidad, M. C., Levister, C. M., Church, M. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvae071
Advances in pharmacological treatment of type 1 diabetes during pregnancy
Patti, A. M., Giglio, R. V., Pafili, K., Rizzo, M., & Παπάνας, Ν. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2019.1593372 · Cited by 2
Kgosidialwa, O., Bogdanet, D., Egan, A. M., Newman, C., O’Shea, P. M., Biesty, L., McDonagh, C., O'Shea, C., Devane, D., & Dunne, F. (2021) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16842 · Cited by 1
Yamamoto, J. M., & Murphy, H. R. (2019) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2019.2508 · Cited by 1
Anastasiou, E., & Paschou, S. Α. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89243-2_14 · Cited by 1
Kaur, R. J., Rizvi, S., & Kudva, Y. C. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119603207.ch9 · Cited by 1
Quel scénario pour le déploiement de l'insulinothérapie automatisée en boucle fermée ?
Benhamou, P., Franc, S., Hanaire, H. P., Penfornis, A., & Charpentier, G. (2018) · Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques · doi:10.1016/s1957-2557(18)30176-7
Renard, É. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98119-2_6
Scherbaum, W. A. (2019) · Der Diabetologe · doi:10.1007/s11428-019-0485-5
Erstmals "Loopen" in der kompletten Schwangerschaft - mit viel Erfolg
Kleinwechter, H. J. (2020) · Info Diabetologie · doi:10.1007/s15034-020-2131-0
Tecnologia, diabete e gravidanza
Bonomo, M. A., Feig, D. S., Pintaudi, B., Mion, E., & Bertuzzi, F. (2021) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/s40619-021-00858-9
Wynne, K. (2020) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.735907959.793577422
Empfehlungen zur Diabetes-Behandlung mit automatischen Insulin-Dosierungssystemen
Berge, T. V. D., Biester, S., Biester, T., Buchmann, A.-K., Datz, N., Grosser, U., Kapitzke, K., Klusmeier, B., Remus, K., Reschke, F., et al. (2022) · Diabetes aktuell · doi:10.1055/a-1851-2883
Jiao, X., & Shen, Y. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes and Clinical Research · doi:10.33696/diabetes.4.055
Automated Insulin Delivery in Women With Pregnancy Complicated by Type 1 Diabetes
Lee, T., Collett, C., Bergford, S., Hartnell, S., SCOTT, E. M., Lindsay, R. S., Hunt, K. F., McCance, D. R., Barnard-Kelly, K. D., Rankin, D., et al. (2024) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0001016664.40824.26
Controlling Human Physiology via Drugs and Devices
Hahn, J., & Howsmon, D. P. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14081-5.00009-x
Other Considerations in Pump Therapy Management
(2024) · American Diabetes Association eBooks · doi:10.2337/9781580408363.ch07
Hypoglycemia in Pregnant Women with Type 1 Diabetes: Is It Inevitable?
Rosenn, B., Khoury, J. C., Mimouni, F. B., Ehrlich, S. R., & Miodovnik, M. (2024) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/a-2442-7305 · Cited by 1
Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Insulin Pumps in the Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy
Yamamoto, J. M., & Murphy, H. R. (2019) · doi:10.2337/9781580406932.part1_ch11
King, J., Buschur, E., Garcetti, R., Pyle, L., Sakamoto, C., Snell‐Bergeon, J. K., Nease, E., Bartholomew, A. B. C., Dungan, K. M., & Polsky, S. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2025.109000
Bitterman, O., Fresa, R., & Napoli, A. (2025) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-025-02590-4
Automated Insulin Delivery in Pregnancy
Polsky, S. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.19201 · Cited by 1
Type 1 Diabetes: During Preconception, Pregnancy, Postpartum, Breastfeeding
Yamamoto, J. M., & Donovan, L. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23940-3.00018-1
Garabédian, C., Sénat, M., Sananès, N., Berveiller, P., Brillac, T., Lous, M. L., Lemaître, M., Mitanchez, D., Morel, O., Paquin, S., et al. (2025) · Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie · doi:10.1016/j.gofs.2025.12.001 · Cited by 1
Kgosidialwa, O., Bogdanet, D., Egan, A. M., O’Shea, P. M., Biesty, L., Devane, D., & Dunne, F. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13468131
Insulin and Pregnancy: A Narrative Review of Evidence and Perspectives
Sandler, V., Isaacs, D. M., & Carlson, A. L. (2026) · Diabetes Technology and Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1177/29986702261442844
Syleouni, M., Lee, T. T. M., Carrieri, F., Scott, E. M., Mirón, A. K., & Murphy, H. R. (2026) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.70394
Kodani, N. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.70423
Влияние сахарного диабета 1-го типа на течение беременности
Emelianova, D. V., Злобина, А. А., Гартвих, Я. А., Дутов, М. С., Konchakova, E. A., Атоян, К. Ю., & Дадажонов, М. М. (2026) · Репродуктивное здоровье Восточная Европа · doi:10.34883/pi.2026.16.2.018
Diabetes Technologies in Pregnancy
Benham, J. L., & Yamamoto, J. M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-24854-1_15
Holt, R. I. G., DeVries, J. H., Fischl, A. H., Hirsch, I. B., Kirkman, M. S., Klupa, T., Ludwig, B., Nørgaard, K., Pettus, J., Renard, É., et al. (2026) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-026-06833-z
Li, J., Qi, T. N., Tan, X., & Jayasekara, R. S. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/jdr/1989683
Metadata
- Authors
- Stewart, Z. A., Wilinska, M. E., Hartnell, S., O’Neil, L. K., Rayman, G., Scott, E. M., Barnard, K., Farrington, C., Hovorka, R., & Murphy, H. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Elsie-Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, U.K.
- Ipswich Hospital (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Bournemouth University (GB)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Murphy, Helen R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2018-03-13
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1391-1399
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2794206338
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 13.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Gates Cambridge Trust (PhD fellowship)
- National Institute for Health Research (CDF-2013-06-035)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes in pregnancy, artificial pancreas, continuous glucose monitoring, sensor-augmented pump, glycemic control, hypoglycemia, nocturnal hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, neonatal outcomes, insulin pump therapy, crossover trial, low blood glucose index, HbA1c, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal hypocalcemia, neonatal hypotension
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Circadian Rhythm, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Humans, Hyperinsulinism, Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Insulin Infusion Systems, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Diabetics, Pregnancy Outcome, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Cross-Over Studies, Delivery, Obstetric, Postpartum Period, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
