Increased β-Cell Secretory Capacity as Mechanism for Islet Adaptation to Nicotinic Acid-Induced Insulin Resistance
Abstract
To determine whether prolonged nicotinic acid (NA) administration produces insulin resistance and, if so, how the normal pancreatic islet adapts to prolonged insulin resistance, we administered incremental doses of NA to 11 normal men for 2 wk, ending at 2 g/day. Insulin sensitivity was measured with Bergman's minimal model. Islet function was evaluated by measurement of acute insulin (AIR) and glucagon (AGR) responses to arginine at three glucose levels. Insulin resistance was demonstrated and quantified by a marked drop in the insulin sensitivity index (S1) from 6.72 ± 0.77 to 2.47 ± 0.36 × 10−5 min−1/pM (P < .0001) and resulted in a doubling of basal immunoreactive insulin levels (from 75 ± 7 to 157 ± 21 pM, P < .001) with no change in fasting glucose (5.5 ± 0.1 vs. 5.7 ± 0.1 mM). Proinsulin levels also increased (from 9 ± 1 to 15 ± 2 pM, P < .005), but the ratio of proinsulin to immunoreactive insulin did not change (12.7 ± 1.9 vs. 10.3 ± 1.9%). β-Cell changes were characterized by increases in the AIR to glucose (from 548 ± 157 to 829 ± 157 pM, P < .005) and in the AIR to arginine at the fasting glucose level (from 431 ± 54 to 788 ± 164 pM, P < .05). At the maximal hyperglycemia level the AIR to arginine represents β-cell secretory capacity, and this increased with administration of NA (from 2062 ± 267 to 2630 ± 363 pM, P < .05). From the AIRs to arginine an estimate of the glucose level giving half-maximal AIR to arginine can be calculated. This measure did not increase (10.0 ± 0.5 vs. 9.6 ± 0.9 mM). The AGRs to argininewere reduced at all glucose levels during NA administration. Thus, the pancreatic islet adapts to the prolonged insulin resistance induced by NA. This adaptation comprises a combination of increased insulin secretion and reduced glucagon secretion. The changes in insulin secretion can be entirely explained by an increase in the secretory capacity of the β-cell.
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While insulin secretion increased in response to nicotinic acid-induced insulin resistance, this compensation was incomplete.
“while insulin secretion increased in response to nicotinic acid-induced insulin resistance, this compensation was incomplete.”
From The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (2003) · cites this paper as [28]
The variation in insulin release that occurs in response to differences in insulin sensitivity is the result of changes in the secretory capacity of the beta cell and not its sensitivity to glucose.
“the variation in insulin release that occurs in response to differences in insulin sensitivity is the result of changes in the secretory capacity of the beta cell and not its sensitivity to glucose [28, 54] (Fig. 2B).”
From The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (2003) · cites this paper as [28]
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Self-citationNiacin extended-release/ lovastatin: combination therapy for lipid disorders
Moon, Y. S., & Kashyap, M. L. (2002) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.3.12.1763 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
β‐cell deterioration – prospects for reversal or prevention
Finegood, D. T., & Topp, B. (2001) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1046/j.1463-1326.2001.00030.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kahn, S. E., Beard, J. C., Schwartz, M. W., Ward, W. K., Ding, H. L., Bergman, R. N., Taborsky, G. J., & Porte, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 1989-05-01
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 562-568
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- OpenAlex
- W1979102029
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 8.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 12829, DK-17047)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- nicotinic acid, insulin resistance, acute insulin response, arginine stimulation, proinsulin, insulin sensitivity, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, Bergman minimal model, islet function
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Epinephrine, Glucagon, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Injections, Intravenous, Insulin Resistance, Islets of Langerhans, Male, Nicotinic Acids, Norepinephrine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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