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Effects of a Traditional Lifestyle on Obesity in Pima Indians
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The Pima Indians of Arizona have the highest reported prevalences of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). In parallel with abrupt changes in lifestyle, these prevalences in Arizona Pimas have increased to epidemic proportions during the past decades. To assess the possible impact of the environment on the prevalences of obesity and NIDDM, data were collected on members of a population of Pima ancestry (separation 700–1,000 years ago) living in a remote mountainous location in northwestern Mexico, with a lifestyle contrasting markedly with that in Arizona. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Pima heritage was established by history and by use of Pima language. Measurements of weight, height, body fat (bio-impedance), blood pressure, plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, and HbA1c were obtained in 19 women (36 ±13 years of age) and 16 men (48 ±14 years of age) and compared with sex-, age- and diabetes status-matched Pimas living in Arizona (10 Arizona Pimas for each Mexican Pima). RESULTS: Mexican Pimas were lighter (64.2 ± 13.9 vs. 90.2 ± 21.1 kg, P < 0.0001; means ± SD) and shorter (160 ± 8 vs. 164 ± 8 cm, P < 0.01) with lower body mass indexes (24.9 ± 4.0 vs. 33.4 ± 7.5 kg/m2, P < 0.0001) and lower plasma total cholesterol levels (146 ± 30 vs. 174 ± 31 mg/dl, P < 0.0001) than Arizona Pimas. Only two women (11%) and one man (6%) had NIDDM, contrasting with the expected prevalences of 37 and 54% in female and male Arizona Pimas, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary investigation shows that obesity, and perhaps NIDDM, is less prevalent among people of Pima heritage living a “traditional” lifestyle than among Pimas living in an “affluent” environment. These findings suggest that, despite a similar potential genetic predisposition to these conditions, a traditional lifestyle, characterized by a diet including less animal fat and more complex carbohydrates and by greater energy expenditure in physical labor, may protect against the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors, obesity, and NIDDM.
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“In contrast with the U.S. Pima Indians, they have experienced relatively little recent change in environmental conditions (9,10).”
From Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S. (2006) · cites this paper as [9]
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BackgroundSelf-citationPardo, A., Ruiz, M. Á., Jódar, E., et al. (2004) · Hispana · Cited by 18
Howdle, S., & Wilkin, T. J. (2001) · Nursing Standard · doi:10.7748/ns2001.01.15.18.38.c2970 · Cited by 18
de Freitas, G. A., de Souza, M. C. C., & Lima, R. D. C. (2016) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00023915 · Cited by 21
Mandigo, J. (2010) · Revue phénEPS / PHEnex Journal · Cited by 16
Genetic Admixture and Obesity: Recent Perspectives and Future Applications
Fernández, J. R., Pearson, K. E., Kell, K. P., & Brown, M. M. B. (2013) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000353180 · Cited by 17
Native American obesity : an economic model of the "thrifty gene" theory
Richards, T. J., & Patterson, P. M. (2004) · Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University) · Cited by 17
Type 1 diabetes-related autoantibodies are rare in Alaska native populations
Mohatt, J. W., Gilliam, L. K., Bekris, L. M., Ebbesson, S. O. E., & Lernmark, Å. (2002) · Circumpolar health supplements · doi:10.3402/ijch.v61i1.17402 · Cited by 16
López-Carmona, J. M., Rodríguez‐Moctezuma, J. R., Ariza-Andraca, C. R., & Martínez-Bermúdez, M. D. L. P. (2004) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/s0212-6567(04)78873-3 · Cited by 18
Validez y consistencia del instrumento FANTASTIC para medir estilo de vida en diabéticos
Rodríguez‐Moctezuma, J. R., López-Carmona, J. M., Miranda, C. M., Santiago, J. L. H., & Bermúdez, M. M. (2003) · Revista M�dica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · Cited by 16
Non‐hematopoietic effects of endogenous erythropoietin on lean mass and body weight regulation
Reinhardt, M., Dey, S., Noguchi, C. T., Zhang, Y., Krakoff, J. A., & Thearle, M. S. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21537 · Cited by 14
“Pima Indians living at a higher altitude (1,400–1,800 m) in the Sierra Madre Mountains of Mexico are, on average, leaner and less likely to get T2DM than the Arizona Pima population (13).”
Changing course of diabetic nephropathy in the Pima Indians
Nelson, R. G., Pavkov, M. E., Hanson, R. L., & Knowler, W. C. (2008) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2008.09.014 · Cited by 14
“The low prevalence of diabetes even today among Pima Indians from Maycoba, Mexico [2,3], who share considerable genetic similarity with those in the U.S., supports the notion of an epidemic of diabetes in the Pima Indians from the Gila River Indian Community that coincides with increased contact with European-American…”
Dietary fat and diabetes: a consensus view
Howard, B. V. (2002) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00990-1 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Ravussin, E., Valencia, M. E., Esparza, J., Bennett, P. H., & Schulz, L. O.
- Affiliations
- Clinical Diabetes and Nutrition Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Phoenix, Arizona
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (MX)
- Nutrition Division Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo Sonora, Mexico
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 1994-09-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1067-1074
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2069685883
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 20.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Indigenous Health and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- Pima Indians, obesity, type 2 diabetes, traditional way of life, lifestyle modification, body mass index, serum cholesterol, HbA1c, physical activity, energy expenditure, cardiovascular risk factors, genetic susceptibility, diet and obesity, blood pressure, glucose concentration
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Arizona, Blood Glucose, Body Composition, Cholesterol, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Indians, North American, Life Style, Male, Mexico, Middle Aged, Obesity, Exercise, Causality, Prevalence, Diabetes Complications
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