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Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: NIDDM occurs commonly among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The prevalence and natural history of its precursor, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), is less well known. The objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence and incidence of glucose intolerance in a large cohort of women with well-characterized PCOS. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 122 women with clinical and hormonal evidence of PCOS were recruited from the Medicine, Endocrinology, Gynecology, and Pediatrics Clinics at the University of Chicago. All women had a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with measurement of glucose and insulin levels. A subset of 25 women were subsequently restudied with the aim of characterizing the natural history of glucose tolerance in PCOS. RESULTS: Glucose tolerance was abnormal in 55 (45%) of the 122 women: 43 (35%) had IGT and 12 (10%) had NIDDM at the time of initial study. The women with NIDDM differed from those with normal glucose tolerance in that they had a 2.6-fold higher prevalence of first-degree relatives with NIDDM (83 vs. 31%, P < 0.01 by chi 2) and were significantly more obese (BMI 41.0 +/- 2.4 vs. 33.4 +/- 1.1 kg/m2, P < 0.01). For the entire cohort of 122 women, there was a significant correlation between fasting and 2-h glucose concentrations (r = 0.76, P < 0.0001); among the subset with IGT, the fasting glucose concentration was poorly predictive of the 2-h level (r = 0.25, NS). After a mean follow-up of 2.4 +/- 0.3 years (range 0.5-6.3), 25 women had a second OGTT. The glucose concentration at 2 h during the second glucose tolerance test was significantly higher than the 2-h concentration during the first study (161 +/- 9 vs. 139 +/- 6 mg/dl, P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of IGT and NIDDM in women with PCOS is substantially higher than expected when compared with age- and weight-matched populations of women without PCOS. The conversion from IGT to NIDDM is accelerated in PCOS. The fasting glucose concentration does not reliably predict the glucose concentration at 2 h after an oral glucose challenge, particularly among those with IGT, the subgroup at highest risk for subsequent development of NIDDM. We conclude that women with PCOS should periodically have an OGTT and must be closely monitored for deterioration in glucose tolerance.
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“In women with PCOS, dysglycemia typically consists of impaired glucose tolerance [12], its prevalence being of almost 30% in both adult women [13] and affected adolescents [14].”
From From Prediabetes to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Lifestyle and Pharmacological Management (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Earlier-onset hyperglycaemia and rapid progression to DM2 is also reported in PCOS. 104,105”
From Assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Summary of an evidence-based guideline (2011) · cites this paper as [104]
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“In contrast, insulin resistance occurs in about 8% of the general population (8,9).”
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“Thus, fasting glucose does not appear to be a suitable screening parameter in PCOS women, which is consistent with previous reports [14, 16, 17].”
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Increased risk of thyroid disease in Danish women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a cohort study
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The 1st World Congress on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome
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“Women with PCOS have substantial insulin resistance (5) and an increased risk for impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (6;7).”
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“108 cally modify the effect of rs1501299 on PCOS but not those of the other two SNPs; and (3) the effect of the two other SNPs on PCOS could be smaller, so our population may not be large enough to detect an association.”
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“The prevalence of IR in our PCOS women was lower than that of many reports [6, 7, 27] which revealed the prevalence up to 75%.”
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“[13] showed that women with PCOS have a substantially higher impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus than age- and body weight-matched healthy women.”
Prevalence of Reproductive Abnormalities Among Women with Familial Partial Lipodystrophy
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“tus (T2DM), mediated by insulin resistance (8).”
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescents
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“However, rates of decline in glucose tolerance in PCOS are high (8, 21) and exceed those recently reported from the Nurses’ Health Study (15).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCardiovascular risk factors in polycystic ovary syndrome
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“Recent studies have shown that 50% of women with PCOS fulfill the criteria of metabolic syndrome (Ehrmann et al., 1999; Glintborg et al., 2004).”
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“[18], were reported glucose tolerance was abnormal in 55 (45%) of the 122 women: 43 (35%) had IGT and 12 (10%) had DM.”
BackgroundEvaluating reported candidate gene associations with polycystic ovary syndrome
Pau, C. T., Saxena, R., & Welt, C. K. (2013) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.12.033 · Cited by 26
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“Reproductive-age women with PCOS have a high prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance [∼30% with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and ∼7.5%–10% with DM2) compared to control women of similar age, ethnicity, and BMI (14% with IGT and 0% with DM2] [109, 110].”
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“The information on T2DM and PCOS family history, low birth weight (LBW), childhood obesity, age of pubarche and menarche and presence of gestational diabetes (GDM) was obtained from the patients during a medical interview.”
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“In order to reach a general agreement on diagnostic criteria many investigations have focused, independently of the above-mentioned disorders, on the impaired glucose tolerance, which affects 30–40% of women with PCOS [5], and on insulin resistance.”
Blauschmidt, S., Greither, T., Lampe, K., Köller, S., Kaltwaßer, P., & Behre, H. M. (2017) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13444 · Cited by 26
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“Studies over the last few decades have confirmed that PCOS is often associated with enhanced risk of type 2 diabetes [4].”
BackgroundTreatment of the adolescent patient with polycystic ovary syndrome
Pfeifer, S. M., & Dayal, M. B. (2003) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8545(03)00028-7 · Cited by 28
“An abnormal fasting glucose, the presence of PCOS, an elevated waist-to-hip ratio, and increased body mass index are associated with abnormal postglucose challenge tests [44].”
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“On the other hand, a substantial proportion of PCOS women are overweight and many are obese [7]; and was reported that obesity, as well as, decreased concentrations of sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), are associated with endometrial cancer [8].”
BackgroundGlitazones and the management of insulin resistance: what they do and how might they be used
EINHORN, D. F., Aroda, V. R., & Henry, R. R. (2004) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2004.04.003 · Cited by 26
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“assisted reproductive technologies (ART) may be required in case of failure of OI treatment [4] or when there is co-existing tubal or male factor.”
BackgroundThe Screening and Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus
Martinez, L. C., Sherling, D. H., & Holley, A. (2018) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2018.10.006 · Cited by 28
Li, L., Wei, J., Hei, J., Ren, Y., & Li, H. (2019) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2019.89254 · Cited by 25
“Furthermore, studies have shown that although women exhibiting mild forms of PCOS tend to show normal ovulation, the disorder becomes chronic with time if it remains untreated [18].”
BackgroundGnawali, A., Patel, V., Cuello-Ramírez, A., kaabi, A. S. A., Noor, A., Rashid, M. Y., Henin, S., & Mostafa, J. A. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.13489 · Cited by 25
Zheng, R., Qing, P., Han, M., Song, J., Hu, M., Ma, H., & Li, J. (2021) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/5555028 · Cited by 27
“PCOS generally manifests as hyperandrogenism, oligoanovulation, and/or polycystic ovaries [2], and patients with PCOS are at an increased risk for metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance (IR), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), dyslipidemia, insulin-induced metabolic syndrome predisposing them to type 2 diabe…”
BackgroundKiconco, S., Tay, C. T., Rassie, K. L., Azziz, R., Teede, H. J., & Joham, A. E. (2022) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.14647 · Cited by 25
Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in reproductive-aged women with type 2 diabetes
Amini, M., Horri, N., Farmani, M., Haghighi, S., Sattari, G., Pornaghshband, Z., & Aminorroaya, A. (2008) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590802306143 · Cited by 25
“This notion has been supported by several studies [6,7].”
ResultPrevalence of elevated glycated hemoglobin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Kim, J., Choi, Y. M., Cho, Y. M., Jung, H. S., Chae, S. J., Hwang, K. R., Hwang, S.-S., Ku, S., Kim, S. H., Kim, J. G., et al. (2012) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/des039 · Cited by 25
“In addition, the mean age (29.8+5.3 years) of non-obese patients with PCOS was much lower than the recommended screening age: the AE-PCOS Society recommended that an OGTT be performed in obese patients or in lean patients of advanced age (.40 year) (Wild et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Current Concepts On Pathogenesis And Clinical Care
Azziz, R. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-69248-7 · Cited by 25
Insulin Resistance in Adolescents with Menstrual Irregularities
Fernandes, A. R., Silva, A. C. J. D. S. R. E., Romão, G. S., Pata, M. C., & dos Reis, R. M. (2005) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2005.05.006 · Cited by 25
Desai, N. A., & Patel, S. S. (2015) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2015.1075497 · Cited by 23
Predictors of abnormal glucose metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Möhlig, M., Spranger, J., Ristow, M., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., Schill, T., Schlösser, H. W., Moltz, L., Brabant, G. E., & Schöfl, C. (2006) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.1.02095 · Cited by 24
“However, several studies demonstrate that a substantial proportion of PCOS women with IGT or even T2DM show normal fasting glucose concentrations ( 14 , 16, 17).”
BackgroundResultPan, M.-L., Chen, L.-R., & Chen, K.-H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168253 · Cited by 24
“More than half of the PCOS patients have coexistent metabolic syndrome [12,13], in whom insulin resistance is a widespread finding and the probability of adult-onset diabetes mellitus is five–eight-fold compared to females without PCOS [13,14].”
BackgroundChinese herbal medicine for subfertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Zhou, K., Zhang, J., Xu, L., & Lim, C. E. D. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007535.pub4 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Ehrmann, D. A., Barnes, R. B., Rosenfield, R. L., Cavaghan, M. K., & Imperial, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- ORCID
- Rosenfield, R L
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 1999-01-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 141-146
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2007816906
- Cited by
- 1,257
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 75
- FWCI
- 31.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k08dk002315-02)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-31842, DK 20595, DK-02315)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Keywords
- polycystic ovary syndrome, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, prevalence, incidence, natural history (disease), oral glucose tolerance test, fasting blood glucose, obesity, family history of diabetes, women's health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Blood Glucose, Chicago, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Regression Analysis, Testosterone, Prevalence, Glucose Intolerance
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