The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Glucose Monitoring at the Arm
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE—We have examined whether rapid changes in blood glucose (BG) result in clinically relevant differences between capillary BG values measured at the forearm and the fingertip and whether local rubbing of the skin before blood sampling can diminish such differences. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Capillary BG samples were collected every 15 min for 3–5 h from the fingertip and the forearm of 17 insulin-treated diabetic patients and analyzed with different glucose monitors (FreeStyle, One Touch Ultra, and Soft-Sense). In a subgroup of patients (n = 8), local rubbing of the forearm skin was performed before blood sampling. A rapid increase in BG was induced by oral administration of glucose, and subsequently, a rapid decrease in glucose was induced by intravenous administration of insulin. RESULTS—In the fasting state, the BG values at the fingertip and at the forearm were similar (7.8 ± 2.4 vs. 7.2 ± 2.3 mmol/l, P = 0.06). However, during rapid increase in glucose, BG values at the fingertip were consistently higher than at the forearm (maximal difference 4.6 ± 1.2 mmol/l, P < 0.001). During rapid decrease in glucose, lower BG values were recorded at the fingertip (maximal difference to forearm 5.0 ± 1.0 mmol/l, P < 0.001). At the forearm, BG was delayed by a median of 35 min (P < 0.01) in relation to the fingertip. Rubbing of forearm skin decreased the observed differences but with a large intraindividual and interindividual variability. There were no obvious device-specific differences. CONCLUSIONS—To avoid risky delays of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia detection, BG monitoring at the arm should be limited to situations in which ongoing rapid changes in BG can be excluded.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“When glucose concentrations are rising or have just risen sharply, fingertip capillary glucose concentrations are greater than those in capillary blood from other sites including forearm, thigh and abdomen (Ellison et al. 2002;Jungheim & Koschinsky, 2002;van der Valk et al. 2002), with variable differences in repeated tests on the same subject (Ellison et al. 2002);”
From Glycaemic index methodology (2005) · cites this paper as Jungheim & Koschinsky, 2002
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“conversely, when blood glucose concentrations fall, fingertip capillary glucose concentrations are lower than those on the forearm (Jungheim & Koschinsky, 2002).”
From Glycaemic index methodology (2005) · cites this paper as Jungheim & Koschinsky, 2002
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Medicine and Surgery
Gray, H., Williams, P. L., & Bannister, L. H. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 943
Sensors for glucose monitoring: technical and clinical aspects
Koschinsky, T., & Heinemann, L. (2001) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.188 · Cited by 288
Self-citationGlucose measurement in patients with diabetes mellitus with dermal interstitial fluid
Bantle, J. P., & Thomas, W. (1997) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0022-2143(97)90044-5 · Cited by 128
Microvascular Blood Flow, Volume, and Velocity Measured by Laser Doppler Techniques in IDDM
Rendell, M., Bergman, T., O'Donnell, G., Drobny, E., Borgos, J., & Bonner, R. F. (1989) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.38.7.819 · Cited by 125
Stansberry, K. B., Peppard, H. R., Babyak, L. M., Popp, G. M., McNitt, P. M., & Vinik, A. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1549 · Cited by 101
Comparison of Glucose Levels in Dermal Interstitial Fluid and Finger Capillary Blood
Stout, P. J., Peled, N., Erickson, B., Hilgers, M. E., Racchini, J. R., & Hoegh, T. (2001) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/152091501750220046 · Cited by 76
FreeStyle ™ : A Small-Volume Electrochemical Glucose Sensor for Home Blood Glucose Testing
Feldman, B., McGarraugh, G., Heller, A., Bohannon, N. J. V., Skyler, J. S., DeLeeuw, E. R., & Clarke, D. H. (2000) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/15209150050025177 · Cited by 70
Tanizawa, Y., Matsuda, K., Matsuo, M., Ohta, Y., Ochi, N., Adachi, M., Koga, M., Mizuno, S., Kajita, M., Tanaka, Y., et al. (2000) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.1.114 · Cited by 66
Risky Delay of Hypoglycemia Detection by Glucose Monitoring at the Arm
Jungheim, K., & Koschinsky, T. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.7.1303-a · Cited by 62
Self-citationUse of an Automated Device for Alternative Site Blood Glucose Monitoring
Fineberg, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Bernstein, R. M., Laffel, L. M., & Schwartz, S. L. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.7.1217 · Cited by 59
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brouns, F., Bjorck, I., Frayn, K. N., Gibbs, A. L., Lang, V., Slama, G., & Wolever, T. M. S. (2005) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/nrr2005100 · Cited by 1,093
“…glucose concentrations are greater than those in capillary blood from other sites including forearm, thigh and abdomen (Ellison et al. 2002; Jungheim & Koschinsky, 2002; van der Valk et al. 2002), with variable differences in repeated tests on the same subject (Ellison et al. 2002);…”
BackgroundGoldstein, D. E., Little, R. R., Lorenz, R. A., Malone, J. I., Nathan, D., Peterson, C. M., & Sacks, D. B. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.7.1761 · Cited by 625
A Tale of Two Compartments: Interstitial Versus Blood Glucose Monitoring
Cengiz, E., & Tamborlane, W. V. (2009) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2009.0002 · Cited by 390
“, forearm) as compared with finger tip samples.(12) However, at times of rapid change, mainly due to blood flow variability, levels from alternate sites differ considerably.”
Prospects and limitations of non-invasive blood glucose monitoring using near-infrared spectroscopy
Yadav, J., Rani, A., Singh, V., & Murari, B. M. (2015) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2015.01.005 · Cited by 394
Assessment and monitoring of glycemic control in children and adolescents with diabetes
Rewers, M., Pihoker, C., Donaghue, K. C., Hanås, R., Swift, P. G. F., & KLINGENSMITH, G. J. (2009) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00582.x · Cited by 349
“The use of SMBG during exercise may also allow improved insulin management and a decreased risk for hypoglycemia during and following exercise (47).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Jungheim, K., & Koschinsky, T.
- Affiliations
- Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. (DE)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2002-06-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 956-960
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2082028634
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Laboratory Technology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hyperglycemia and glycemic control in critically ill and hospitalized patients
- Keywords
- capillary blood glucose, hyperglycemia detection, hypoglycemia detection, insulin-treated diabetes
- MeSH terms
- Awareness, Capillaries, Fingers, Forearm, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Insulin, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
