The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
C-Reactive Protein, Diabetes, and Attendance at Religious Services
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE—Previous studies have shown an association between attendance at religious services and health, particularly cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. People with diabetes have higher risk of cardiovascular mortality and higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels than people without diabetes. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between religious attendance and CRP in people with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This study used cross-sectional survey and examination of a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized U.S. adults aged ≥40 years, derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III 1988–1994 (n = 10,059). There were 556 people with diabetes. The primary outcome measure was the presence of elevated CRP. RESULTS—There were no differences between people with diabetes compared with people without diabetes in the percentage of those who attended religious services (62.29 vs. 62.0%, P = 0.36). Religious service nonattenders with diabetes were more likely than attenders to have an elevated CRP (odds ratio [OR] 2.17 [95% CI 1.15–4.09]). In people without diabetes, the association between attendance and CRP was not significant (P > 0.05). Among people with diabetes, after adjusting for demographic variables, health status, smoking, social support, mobility, and BMI, the association between religious attendance and CRP remained significant for respondents with diabetes (1.90 [1.03–3.51]). CONCLUSIONS—These findings revealed that people with diabetes who have not attended religious services in the previous year are more likely to have elevated levels of CRP. Further research should be conducted to evaluate this association to improve our understanding of the psychological and religious factors that influence diabetes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Of those, 11 studies (69%) reported that R/S was significantly related to positive cardiovascular functions or outcomes [367–374] or to lower levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein [375–377] and fibrinogen [378] that place individuals at high risk for cardiovascular disease.”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [369]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pradhan, A. D. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.3.327 · Cited by 4,433
The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain
Kabat-Zinn, J., Lipworth, L., & Burney, R. (1985) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00845519 · Cited by 1,745
Wood, D., Backer, G. D., Færgeman, O., Graham, I. D., Mancia, G., & Pyörälà, K. (1998) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(98)90209-x · Cited by 1,253
Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice
Pyörälà, K., Backer, G. D., Graham, I. M., Poole-Wilson, P. A., & Wood, D. A. (1994) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060388 · Cited by 1,161
Second Joint Task Force of European (1998) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1053/euhj.1998.1243 · Cited by 1,131
Religious Involvement, Social Ties, and Social Support in a Southeastern Community
Ellison, C. G., & George, L. K. (1994) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1386636 · Cited by 844
Body mass index, diabetes, and C-reactive protein among U.S. adults.
Ford, E. S. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.12.1971 · Cited by 642
Religion and health: Is there an association, is it valid, and is it causal?
Levin, J. S. (1994) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90109-0 · Cited by 581
Tracy, R. P., Psaty, B. M., Macy, E., Bovill, E. G., Cushman, M., Cornell, E. S., & Kuller, L. H. (1997) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.17.10.2167 · Cited by 539
Oxman, T. E., Freeman, D. H., & Manheimer, E. D. (1995) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199501000-00002 · Cited by 525
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications
Koenig, H. G. (2012) · ISRN Psychiatry · doi:10.5402/2012/278730 · Cited by 2,423
“[376] D.”
BackgroundHandbook of Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.001.0001 · Cited by 1,160
Religion and spirituality: Linkages to physical health.
Powell, L. H., Shahabi, L., & Thoresen, C. E. (2003) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.36 · Cited by 1,093
What Does Minor Elevation of C-Reactive Protein Signify?
Kushner, I., Rzewnicki, D., & Samols, D. R. (2006) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.06.057 · Cited by 372
Religious Participation, Interleukin-6, and Mortality in Older Adults.
Lutgendorf, S. K., Russell, D., Ullrich, P., Harris, T. B., & Wallace, R. (2004) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.5.465 · Cited by 184
Metadata
- Authors
- King, D. E., Mainous, A. G., & Pearson, W. S.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2002-07-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1172-1176
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2104963693
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Health Resources and Services Administration
- U.S. Public Health Service (1D12HP00023-01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- C-reactive protein, religious service attendance, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, cardiovascular risk, social support, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, C-Reactive Protein, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Reference Values, Religion, Smoking, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
