Religion and spirituality: Linkages to physical health.
Abstract
Evidence is presented that bears on 9 hypotheses about the link between religion or spirituality and mortality, morbidity, disability, or recovery from illness. In healthy participants, there is a strong, consistent, prospective, and often graded reduction in risk of mortality in church/service attenders. This reduction is approximately 25% after adjustment for confounders. Religion or spirituality protects against cardiovascular disease, largely mediated by the healthy lifestyle it encourages. Evidence fails to support a link between depth of religiousness and physical health. In patients, there are consistent failures to support the hypotheses that religion or spirituality slows the progression of cancer or improves recovery from acute illness but some evidence that religion or spirituality impedes recovery from acute illness. The authors conclude that church/service attendance protects healthy people against death. More methodologically sound studies are needed.
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RS have shown possible influences on many important outcomes, including lower mortality.
“RS have shown possible influences on many important outcomes, including lower mortality (Powell et al., 2003).”
From Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine (2017) · cites this paper as Powell et al., 2003
In systematic reviews of RS and cancer mortality or progression, there are consistent failures to support the hypotheses that RS slows cancer progression, and inadequate evidence to support the hypothesis that RS protects against cancer mortality.
“In systematic reviews of RS and cancer mortality or progression, there are consistent failures to support the hypotheses that RS slows cancer progression, and inadequate evidence to support the hypothesis that RS protects against cancer mortality (Powell et al., 2003).”
From Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine (2017) · cites this paper as Powell et al., 2003
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Depression and Anxiety in Heart Failure
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Religion and Health: Anxiety, Religiosity, Meaning of Life and Mental Health
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Correlates of self-perceptions of spirituality in American adults
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Self-citationLeisure Activities and Mortality: Does Gender Matter?
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View of God as benevolent and forgiving or punishing and judgmental predicts HIV disease progression
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Cultural Capital in Health Promotion
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Spirituality in Nursing and Health-Related Literature: A Concept Analysis
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Does compassion mediate the intrinsic religion-health relationship?
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Two Meta-Analyses of Noncontact Healing Studies
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Methodological Pitfalls in the Study of Religiosity and Spirituality
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Religious Service Attendance and Allostatic Load Among High-Functioning Elderly
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Depression, Anxiety, and Religious Life
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Meaning, spirituality, and wellness in cancer survivors
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Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine
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Religious orientation, aging, and blood pressure reactivity to interpersonal and cognitive stressors
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- Authors
- Powell, L. H., Shahabi, L., & Thoresen, C. E.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- ORCID
- Powell, Lynda H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 36-52
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2081669352
- Cited by
- 1,093
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 5.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
- Social Sciences › Demography › Workplace Spirituality and Leadership
- Keywords
- religion, spirituality, physical health, mortality, church attendance, cardiovascular disease, healthy lifestyle, religiosity, tumor progression, morbidity, disability
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Death, Health Status, Humans, Morbidity, Mortality, Neoplasms, Religion and Medicine, Risk Factors, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Disease Progression, Spirituality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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