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Impact of Active Versus Usual Algorithmic Titration of Basal Insulin and Point-of-Care Versus Laboratory Measurement of HbA1c on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
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OBJECTIVE—The objective of this study was to assess the impact of active versus usual monitoring of algorithmic insulin titration and point-of-care (POC) versus laboratory HbA1c (A1C) measurement on glycemic control in primary care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The Glycemic Optimization with Algorithms and Labs at Point of Care (GOAL A1C) study was a 24-week, randomized, parallel-group, four-arm, open-label study of 7,893 adults with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled by oral antidiabetic agents and requiring insulin. Patients were randomly assigned by investigators from 2,164 sites in the U.S. to insulin glargine with either 1) usual (no unsolicited contact between visits) insulin titration using a simple algorithm with laboratory A1C testing, 2) usual titration with POC A1C testing, 3) active (weekly monitored) titration with laboratory A1C testing, or 4) active titration with POC A1C testing. Outcome measures included a change in A1C and fasting self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) levels, percentage of patients achieving A1C <7.0%, and hypoglycemia frequency. RESULTS—Significant A1C and SMBG reductions were observed in all arms (P < 0.0001). Compared with usual insulin titration, active titration achieved greater A1C reduction (1.5 vs. 1.3%; P < 0.0001), SMBG reduction (88 vs. 79 mg/dl; P < 0.0001), and proportion of patients achieving A1C <7.0% (38 vs. 30%; P < 0.0001). Among patients receiving active titration, POC A1C testing was associated with an increase in the proportion achieving an A1C <7.0% (41% for POC vs. 36% for laboratory; P < 0.0001). Hypoglycemia rates were low (usual vs. active groups: 3.7 vs. 6.0 all confirmed episodes/patient-year [P < 0.001]; 0.09 vs. 0.14 severe episodes/patient-year [NS]). CONCLUSIONS—In a predominantly primary care setting, addition of insulin glargine using a simple algorithm achieved significant improvements in glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in all four study arms. Active titration resulted in significant incremental improvements in glycemic control, and, among patients receiving active titration, POC A1C testing resulted in a greater portion achieving A1C <7.0%.
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“There is some evidence to suggest that immediate feedback of HbA 1c test results to patients at the time of the clinic visit improves long-term glycemic control (369,370).”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [370]
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“Some evidence suggests that immediate feedback of HbA 1c test results to patients at the time of the clinic visit leads to an improvement in their long-term glycemic control (249,250).”
From Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus (2011) · cites this paper as [250]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kennedy, L., Herman, W. H., Strange, P., Harris, A., & for the GOAL A1C Team
- Affiliations
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Michigan Medicine (US)
- Sanofi (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2006-01-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2123177035
- Semantic Scholar
- 79a91e161e5558e1ed386179918231b52e1af634
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 18.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Novo Nordisk
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, basal insulin, insulin dose adjustment, glycemic control, insulin glargine, self-monitoring of blood glucose, hypoglycemia, primary care, severe hypoglycemia
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Adult, Aged, Algorithms, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Middle Aged, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Body Mass Index, Point-of-Care Systems, Racial Groups
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