The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Impact of Active Versus Usual Algorithmic Titration of Basal Insulin and Point-of-Care Versus Laboratory Measurement of HbA1c on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE—The objective of this study was to assess the impact of active versus usual monitoring of algorithmic insulin titration and point-of-care (POC) versus laboratory HbA1c (A1C) measurement on glycemic control in primary care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The Glycemic Optimization with Algorithms and Labs at Point of Care (GOAL A1C) study was a 24-week, randomized, parallel-group, four-arm, open-label study of 7,893 adults with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled by oral antidiabetic agents and requiring insulin. Patients were randomly assigned by investigators from 2,164 sites in the U.S. to insulin glargine with either 1) usual (no unsolicited contact between visits) insulin titration using a simple algorithm with laboratory A1C testing, 2) usual titration with POC A1C testing, 3) active (weekly monitored) titration with laboratory A1C testing, or 4) active titration with POC A1C testing. Outcome measures included a change in A1C and fasting self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) levels, percentage of patients achieving A1C <7.0%, and hypoglycemia frequency. RESULTS—Significant A1C and SMBG reductions were observed in all arms (P < 0.0001). Compared with usual insulin titration, active titration achieved greater A1C reduction (1.5 vs. 1.3%; P < 0.0001), SMBG reduction (88 vs. 79 mg/dl; P < 0.0001), and proportion of patients achieving A1C <7.0% (38 vs. 30%; P < 0.0001). Among patients receiving active titration, POC A1C testing was associated with an increase in the proportion achieving an A1C <7.0% (41% for POC vs. 36% for laboratory; P < 0.0001). Hypoglycemia rates were low (usual vs. active groups: 3.7 vs. 6.0 all confirmed episodes/patient-year [P < 0.001]; 0.09 vs. 0.14 severe episodes/patient-year [NS]). CONCLUSIONS—In a predominantly primary care setting, addition of insulin glargine using a simple algorithm achieved significant improvements in glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in all four study arms. Active titration resulted in significant incremental improvements in glycemic control, and, among patients receiving active titration, POC A1C testing resulted in a greater portion achieving A1C <7.0%.
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“There is some evidence to suggest that immediate feedback of HbA 1c test results to patients at the time of the clinic visit improves long-term glycemic control (369,370).”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [370]
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“Some evidence suggests that immediate feedback of HbA 1c test results to patients at the time of the clinic visit leads to an improvement in their long-term glycemic control (249,250).”
From Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus (2011) · cites this paper as [250]
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Cites
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Glycemic Control From 1988 to 2000 Among U.S. Adults Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes
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Rapid A1c Availability Improves Clinical Decision-Making in an Urban Primary Care Clinic
Miller, C. D., Barnes, C. S., Phillips, L. S., Ziemer, D. C., Gallina, D. L., Cook, C. B., Maryman, S. D., & El‐Kebbi, I. M. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.4.1158 · Cited by 144
The underuse of insulin therapy in North America
Riddle, M. C. (2002) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.277 · Cited by 92
Renal Status Among Patients Using Metformin in a Primary Care Setting
Kennedy, L., Herman, W. H., & for the GOAL A1C Study Team (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.4.922 · Cited by 38
Self-citationRoutine measurement of haemoglobin A1 at the diabetic outpatient clinic.
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Kennedy L, Herman WH: Glycated hemoglobin assessment in clinical practice: comparison of the A1cNow™ point-of-care device with central laboratory testing (GOAL A1C study). Diabetes Technol Ther In press
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Sacks, D. B., Arnold, M., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Kirkman, M. S., Lernmark, A., Metzger, B. E., & Nathan, D. M. (2011) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.161596 · Cited by 1,360
Sacks, D. B., Arnold, M., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Kirkman, M. S., Lernmark, A., Metzger, B. E., & Nathan, D. M. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-9998 · Cited by 718
Sacks, D. B., Arnold, M., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Lernmark, Å., Metzger, B. E., Nathan, D. M., & Kirkman, M. S. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci23-0036 · Cited by 351
“Some evidence suggests that immediate feedback of HbA1c test results to patients at the time of the clinic visit leads to an improvement in their long-term glycemic control (249,250).”
ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006?2007
Hanås, R., Donaghue, K. C., KLINGENSMITH, G. J., Swift, P. G. F., & Hanås, R. (2006) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2006.00218.x · Cited by 324
Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin when added to insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes
Vilsbøll, T., Rosenstock, J., Yki‐Järvinen, H., Cefalu, W. T., Chen, Y., Luo, E., Musser, B., Andryuk, P. J., Ling, Y., Kaufman, K. D., et al. (2010) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01173.x · Cited by 305
Metadata
- Authors
- Kennedy, L., Herman, W. H., Strange, P., Harris, A., & for the GOAL A1C Team
- Affiliations
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Michigan Medicine (US)
- Sanofi (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2006-01-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2123177035
- Semantic Scholar
- 79a91e161e5558e1ed386179918231b52e1af634
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 18.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Novo Nordisk
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, basal insulin, insulin dose adjustment, glycemic control, insulin glargine, self-monitoring of blood glucose, hypoglycemia, primary care, severe hypoglycemia
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Adult, Aged, Algorithms, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Middle Aged, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Body Mass Index, Point-of-Care Systems, Racial Groups
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