The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 49 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
Open accessAbstract
MELLITUS -Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.Several pathogenic processes are involved in the development of diabetes.These range from autoimmune destruction of the -cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin deficiency to abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action.The basis of the abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in diabetes is deficient action of insulin on target tissues.Deficient insulin action results from inadequate insulin secretion and/or diminished tissue responses to insulin at one or more points in the complex pathways of hormone action.Impairment of insulin secretion and defects in insulin action frequently coexist in the same patient, and it is often unclear which abnormality, if either alone, is the primary cause of the hyperglycemia.Symptoms of marked hyperglycemia include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, sometimes with polyphagia, and blurred vision.Impairment of growth and susceptibility to certain infections may also accompany chronic hyperglycemia.Acute, life-threatening consequences of uncontrolled diabetes are hyperglycemia with ketoacidosis or the nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome.Long-term complications of diabetes include retinopathy with potential loss of vision; nephropathy leading to renal failure; peripheral neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputations, and Charcot joints; and autonomic neuropathy causing gastrointes-
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Claims the paper makes
47 Not checked yet · 4 Own interpretation · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“One and usually more of these autoantibodies are present in 85-90% of individuals when fasting hyperglycemia is initially detected.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > © 2006 by the American Diabetes Association.
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Semantic Scholar found a record for the 1997 Expert Committee report, but three searches within that paper returned no snippets verifying the 85–90% figure. An unscoped search found a related statement in “An Updated Review of Type 1 Diabetes in Malaysia” (score 0.548), but not the quoted wording or a sufficiently strong match to establish a different source. The available evidence therefore neither confirms the attribution nor supports a misattribution verdict. (LLM, conf=0.58)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Could not verify
In the paper
“Alterations in the structure and function of the insulin receptor cannot be demonstrated in patients with insulinresistant lipoatrophic diabetes.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Genetic defects in insulin action.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In insulin-resistant lipoatrophic diabetes, the lesion responsible resides in the postreceptor signal transduction pathways.
In the paper
“Certain viruses have been associated with -cell destruction.Diabetes occurs in patients with congenital rubella, although most of these patients have HLA and immune markers characteristic of type 1 diabetes.In addition, coxsackievirus B, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and mumps have been implicated in inducing certain cases of the disease.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Drug-or chemical-induced diabetes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Any process that diffusely injures the pancreas can cause diabetes.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Genetic defects in insulin action.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The risk of developing this form of diabetes increases with age, obesity, and lack of physical activity.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > © 2006 by the American Diabetes Association.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this form of diabetes, the rate of -cell destruction is quite variable, being rapid in some individuals (mainly infants and children) and slow in others (mainly adults).”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > © 2006 by the American Diabetes Association.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The vast majority of cases of diabetes fall into two broad etiopathogenetic categories”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In one category, type 1 diabetes, the cause is an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Many genetic syndromes are accompanied by an increased incidence of diabetes mellitus.These include the chromosomal abnorm a l i t i e s o f D o w n ' s s y n d r o m e , Klinefelter's syndrome, and Turner's syndrome.Wolfram's syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by insulin-deficient diabetes and the absence of -cells at autopsy.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Drug-or chemical-induced diabetes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
In the paper
“This form of diabetes, which accounts for only 5-10% of those with diabetes”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Type 1 diabetes (-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This form of diabetes, which accounts for ϳ90 -95% of those with diabetes”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > © 2006 by the American Diabetes Association.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“GDM complicates ϳ4% of all pregnancies in the U.S., resulting in ϳ135,000 cases annually.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaindirectn = 135,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“GDM represents nearly 90% of all pregnancies complicated by diabetes.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“When the two-step approach is used, a glucose threshold value Ͼ140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/l) identifies ϳ80% of women with GDM, and the yield is further increased to 90% by using a cutoff of Ͼ130 mg/dl (7.2 mmol/l).”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Diagnosis of GDM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carpenter and Coustan (3) Carpenter MW, Coustan DR: Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:768–773, 1982 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence may range from 1 to 14% of pregnancies, depending on the population studied.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These forms of diabetes are frequently characterized by onset of hyperglycemia at an early age (generally before age 25 years).They are referred to as maturityonset diabetes of the young (MODY) and are characterized by impaired insulin secretion with minimal or no defects in insulin action.They are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > © 2006 by the American Diabetes Association.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This form of diabetes frequently goes undiagnosed for many years because the hyperglycemia develops gradually and at earlier stages is often not severe enough for the patient to notice any of the classic symptoms of diabetes.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > © 2006 by the American Diabetes Association.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The stiff-man syndrome is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system characterized by stiffness of the axial muscles with painful spasms.Patients usually have high titers of the GAD autoantibodies, and approximately one-third will develop diabetes.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Drug-or chemical-induced diabetes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several hormones (e.g., growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine) antagonize insulin action.Excess amounts of these hormones (e.g., acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, glucagonoma, pheochromocytoma, respectively) can cause diabetes.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Genetic defects in insulin action.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Anti-insulin receptor antibodies can cause diabetes by binding to the insulin receptor, thereby blocking the binding of insulin to its receptor in target tissues.However, in some cases, these antibodies can act as an insulin agonist after binding to the receptor and can thereby cause hypoglycemia.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Drug-or chemical-induced diabetes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, insulin secretion is defective in these patients and insufficient to compensate for insulin resistance.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > © 2006 by the American Diabetes Association.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“GDM is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Also, the disease has strong HLA associations, with linkage to the DQA and DQB genes, and it is influenced by the DRB genes.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > © 2006 by the American Diabetes Association.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Immunemediated diabetes commonly occurs in childhood and adolescence, but it can occur at any age, even in the 8th and 9th decades of life.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > © 2006 by the American Diabetes Association.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many drugs can impair insulin secretion.These drugs may not cause diabetes by themselves, but they may precipitate diabetes in individuals with insulin resistance.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Drug-or chemical-induced diabetes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It occurs more frequently in women with prior GDM and in individuals with hypertension or dyslipidemia”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > © 2006 by the American Diabetes Association.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most patients with this form of diabetes are obese, and obesity itself causes some degree of insulin resistance.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > © 2006 by the American Diabetes Association.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160 -3167, 2003)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Expert Committee (1,2) recognized an intermediate group of subjects whose glucose levels, although not meeting criteria for diabetes, are nevertheless too high to be considered normal.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee (1,2)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Alternatively, the diagnosis can be made using a 75-g glucose load and the glucose threshold values listed for fasting, 1 h, and 2 h (Table 2, bottom); however, this test is not as well validated as the 100-g OGTT.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Diagnosis of GDM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carpenter and Coustan (3) Carpenter MW, Coustan DR: Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:768–773, 1982 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A fasting plasma glucose level Ͼ126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) or a casual plasma glucose Ͼ200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) meets the threshold for the diagnosis of diabetes.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Diagnosis of GDM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carpenter and Coustan (3) Carpenter MW, Coustan DR: Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:768–773, 1982 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients with IFG and/or IGT are now referred to as having “pre-diabetes” indicating the relatively high risk for development of diabetes in these patients.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The criteria for abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy are those of Carpenter and Coustan (3).”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Diagnosis of GDM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carpenter and Coustan (3) Carpenter MW, Coustan DR: Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:768–773, 1982 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three ways to diagnose diabetes are possible, and each, in the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, must be confirmed, on a subsequent day, by any one of the three methods given in Table 2.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DIABETES MELLITUS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is worth mentioning that medical nutrition therapy aimed at producing 5-10% loss of body weight, exercise, and certain pharmacological agents have been variably demonstrated to prevent or delay the development of diabetes in people with IGT; the potential impact of such interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk has not been examined to date.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee (1,2)
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The corresponding categories when the OGTT is used are the following: • 2-h postload glucose Ͻ140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/l) ϭ normal glucose tolerance; • 2-h postload glucose 140 -199 mg/dl (7.8 -11.1 mmol/l) ϭ IGT (impaired glucose tolerance); • 2-h postload glucose Ն200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) ϭ provisional diagnosis of di-abetes (the diagnosis must be confirmed, as described below).”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee (1,2)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This group is defined as having fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels Ն100 mg/dl (5.6 mmol/l) but Ͻ126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) or 2-h values in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of Ն140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/l) but Ͻ200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l).Thus, the categories of FPG values are as follows: • FPG Ͻ100 mg/dl (5.6 mmol/l) ϭ normal fasting glucose; • FPG 100 -125 mg/dl (5.6 -6.9 mmol/ l) ϭ IFG (impaired fast”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Expert Committee (1,2)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there are certain factors that place women at lower risk for the development of glucose intolerance during pregnancy, and it is likely not costeffective to screen such patients.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Diagnosis of GDM
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Two or more of the venous plasma concentrations must be met or exceeded for a positive diagnosis.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Diagnosis of GDM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carpenter and Coustan (3) Carpenter MW, Coustan DR: Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:768–773, 1982 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The authors state this as an assumption.
In insulin-resistant lipoatrophic diabetes, the lesion responsible resides in the postreceptor signal transduction pathways.
“Therefore, it is assumed that the lesion(s) must reside in the postreceptor signal transduction pathways.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Glucose tolerance normally deteriorates during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester.
“Deterioration of glucose tolerance occurs normally during pregnancy, particularly in the 3rd trimester.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Several professional organizations have recommended screening for gestational diabetes mellitus for most pregnant women despite little evidence that the identification and treatment of mild carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy confer a benefit.1,7”
From A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Diagnosis of GDM
“A fasting plasma glucose level Ͼ126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) or a casual plasma glucose Ͼ200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) meets the threshold for the diagnosis of diabetes.”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Diagnosis of GDM
“Table 2-Criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus 1. Symptoms of diabetes plus casual plasma glucose concentration Ն200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/ l).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Diagnosis of GDM
“the glucose threshold values listed for fasting, 1 h, and 2 h (Table 2, bottom)”
§ Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES > Diagnosis of GDM
“Table 3-Diagnosis of GDM with a 100-g or 75-g glucose load mg/dl mmol/l 100-g glucose load Fasting 95 5.3 1-h 180 10.0 2-h 155 8.6 3-h 140 7.8 75-g glucose load Fasting 95 5.3 1-h 180 10.0 2-h 155 8.6”
Citations
Cites
Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
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Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus* (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.11.3160 · Cited by 3,784
Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes
Carpenter, M. W., & Coustan, D. R. (1982) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(82)90349-0 · Cited by 1,924
The Prednisolone Glucose Tolerance Test in Pregnancy
Kyle, G. C., Yalçin, S., Drewyer, R., & Carruthers, B. M. (1964) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.13.6.572 · Cited by 19
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Metadata
- Authors
- American Diabetes Association
- Corresponding author
- American Diabetes Association
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2006-01-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- suppl_1
- Pages
- s43-s48
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W4205321574
- Cited by
- 924
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 65.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, classification, hyperglycemia, insulin secretion, insulin resistance, islet autoimmunity, diabetes complications, diabetic ketoacidosis, retinopathy, kidney disease, peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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