Poisons and Drugs Used in Homicidal Poisoning: A Systematic Review

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The age of victims was specified in only 50 cases.

“The age of the victims was specified in only 50 cases.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included articles' reports of homicidal poisoning are accurate and represent true homicidal poisonings.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Full-text review of the remaining 51 eligible papers excluded an additional 13 papers based on duplication, irrelevant, and/or insufficient data.

“We performed full-text review of the remaining 51 eligible papers, excluding an additional 13 papers based on duplication, irrelevant, and/or insufficient data.”

May combine two claims.

Injection route occurred in 9 cases (11.11%), including intravenous 5, subcutaneous 3, intraperitoneal 1.

“In most cases, the poison was administered orally [61 (75.30%) cases]; following injection route [9 (11.11%) cases; including intravenous: 5 cases; subcutaneous: 3 cases and intraperitoneal injection: one case]; dermal [4(4.94%)cases]; inhalation [2 (2.59%) cases]; envenomation [3 (3.70%) cases].”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included articles' reports of homicidal poisoning are accurate and represent true homicidal poisonings.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The initial search identified 302 publications.

“The initial search identified 302 publications.”

May combine two claims.

There were 47 (58.02%) fatal cases and 34 (41.98%) survived cases.

“There were 47 (58.02%) fatal cases and 34 (41.98%)cases were survived.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included articles' reports of homicidal poisoning are accurate and represent true homicidal poisonings.

May combine two claims.

Among the 50 cases with specified age, the mean age was 39.75 years (range one month to 95 years).

“Among these cases, age mean was 39.75 years old (range: one-month -95 years old).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included articles' reports of homicidal poisoning are accurate and represent true homicidal poisonings.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

162 duplications and ineligible publications were removed.

“Based on the screening process, 162 duplications and ineligible were removed.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The reviewed homicidal poisoning cases included, among others, strychnine, thallium, arsenic, mercury, barium, polonium-210, cyanide, methanol, methane gas, paraquat, brodifacoum, carbofuran, organochlorine compounds, chlorpyrifos/cypermethrin, heroin, methadone, and succinylcholine.

“Strychnine A 35-year-old woman Oral Empty amoxicillin capsules Her husband Tremor, Muscular spasms, Generalized convulsions, Conscious during convulsions, Complete relaxation between convulsions, Respiratory / cardiac arrest Died Postmortem histopathological findings: The external and internal examination did not show any signs of significant change Strychnine was detected in the liver (91 mg/kg”

• Also stated in: § Results · plain

  “Thallium A married couple (49-year-old woman and 50-year-old man) Oral Table Salt An offender Numbness and tingling in the fingers and soles of feet.”

• Also stated in: § Postmortem toxicological Analysis: Analysis of the contents of the syringe and a blood sample from the · plain

  “Paraquat (Herbicide) A 20-year-old woman Oral Forcible ingestion after ligature strangulation Her exboyfriend Semiconscious, burning sensation in the mouth and noticed a greenish fluid and stains around face, respiratory edema and failure”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included articles' reports of homicidal poisoning are accurate and represent true homicidal poisonings.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Of the remaining 140 articles, 89 papers were excluded after screening titles and abstracts.

“Of the remaining 140 articles, we excluded 89 papers after screening the titles and abstracts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Among the 81 cases, 40 (49.38%) were male and 41 (50.62%) were female.

“Among them, 40 (49.38%)cases were male while 41 (50.62%) were female.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included articles' reports of homicidal poisoning are accurate and represent true homicidal poisonings.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The included articles involve cases from different countries across the world.

“The included articles involve cases from different countries across the world.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The cases reported in the literature are representative of homicidal poisoning globally.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Simultaneous dermal and injection exposure and oral with dermal administration were reported in two cases.

“Totally, simultaneous dermal and injection exposure and oral with dermal administration were reported in two cases.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included articles' reports of homicidal poisoning are accurate and represent true homicidal poisonings.

May combine two claims.

Administration of pharmaceutical agents as a tool in homicidal poisoning was common and reported in 9 articles with total 22 poisoned cases, resulting in 16 (72.2%) fatal cases.

“Also, administration of pharmaceutical agents as a tool in homicidal poisoning were common and reported in 9 articles with in total 22 poisoned cases resulted 16 (72.2%)fatal cases.”

May combine two claims.

In our study, arsenic had one reported homicidal intent of poisoning but it had high number of poisoned victims in this episode.

“In our study, arsenic had one reported homicidal intent of poisoning but it had high number of poisoned victims in this episode.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Application of biotoxins such as tetrodotoxin (TTX), herbal toxin (colchicine) and snake venom in forcible snake bite as homicidal poisoning were notable in this review.

“Application of biotoxins such as tetrodotoxin (TTX), herbal toxin (colchicine) and snake venom in forcible snake bite as homicidal poisoning were notable in this review.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

In the present study, pesticides including paraquat, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, brodifacoum, strychnine were the reported poisons used in homicidal poisoning mainly in countries like India, Sri Lanka and South Korea.

“In the present study, pesticides including paraquat (N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride; a herbicide), carbofuran (a carbamate insecticide and nematocide), chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate pesticide) and cypermethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide), brodifacoum (is a highly lethal 4-hydroxycoumarin vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant poison, a rodenticide), strychnine (an al”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In forensic investigations, it was found that the father disliked these three children as they were girls; he married another woman and had a male baby.

“In forensic investigations, it was found that the father disliked these three children as they were girls.He married another woman and had a male baby.”

• cites [50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

At last, he burned the snake.

“At last, he burned the snake.”

• cites [50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The father decided to get rid of his girl children.

“The father decided to get rid of his girl children.”

• cites [50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The father trained to become a snake charmer and bought an Egyptian cobra.

“To achieve his plan, he trained to become snake charmer and bought a snake (Egyptian cobra)”

• cites [50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The father forced the snake to bite the three children several times and left them to die.

“the father forced the snake to bite the three children several times and left them to die.”

• cites [50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, cyanide accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Cyanide | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, methanol accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Methanol | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, paraquat accounted for 5 victims (6.18%) and 4 reported episodes.

“Paraquat | 5 | 6.18 | 4”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, carbofuran accounted for 5 victims (6.18%) and 2 reported episodes.

“Carbofuran | 5 | 6.18 | 2”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, an organochlorine compound accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Organochlorine compound | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, thallium accounted for 11 victims (13.58%) and 3 reported episodes.

“Thallium | 11 | 13.58 | 3”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, brodifacoum accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Brodifacoum | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, arsenic accounted for 14 victims (17.28%) and 2 reported episodes.

“Arsenic | 14 | 17.28 | 2”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, succinylcholine accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Succinylcholine | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, polydrug poisoning including benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, neuroleptics, antidepressants and analgesics accounted for 16 victims (19.75%) and 3 reported episodes.

“Polydrug poisoning including Benzodiazepines Z-drugs, Neuroleptics, Antidepressants and Analgesics | 16 | 19.75 | 3”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, barium accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Barium | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, Novichock (organophosphorus nerve agent) accounted for 2 victims (2.47%) and 2 reported episodes.

“Novichock (Organophosphorus nerve agent) | 2 | 2.47 | 2”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, amitriptyline accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Amitriptyline | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, polonium-210 accounted for 2 victims (2.47%) and 2 reported episodes.

“Polonium-210 | 2 | 2.47 | 2”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, insulin accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Insulin | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, snake bite accounted for 3 victims (3.7%) and 1 reported episode.

“Snake bite | 3 | 3.7 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, heroin accounted for 2 victims (2.47%) and 2 reported episodes.

“Heroin | 2 | 2.47 | 2”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, herbal toxin (colchicine) accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Herbal toxin (Colchicine) | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, tetrodotoxin (TTX) accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Tetrodotoxin (TTX) | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, VX (organophosphorus nerve agent) accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“VX (Organophosphorus nerve agent) | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, strychnine accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Strychnine | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, methadone accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Methadone | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, atropine accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Atropine | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, methane gas accounted for 1 victim (1.23%) and 1 reported episode.

“Methane gas | 1 | 1.23 | 1”

May combine two claims.

In the reviewed homicidal poisoning cases, mercury accounted for 3 victims (3.7%) and 3 reported episodes.

“Mercury | 3 | 3.7 | 3”

May combine two claims.

Homicidal poisonings are among the least frequently detected crimes and difficult to establish worldwide.

“In general, homicidal poisonings are among the least frequently detected crimes and difficult to establish, around the world [3].”

• cites [3]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Contemporary homicidal poisons/drugs include organophosphorus agents, tetrodotoxin, and radioactive substances.

“The results showed that the contemporary poisons and drugs used in homicidal poisonings are based in combinations of old and well-described poisons and drugs and natural or synthetic drugs and poisons from the group of organophosphorus agents, tetrodotoxin, radioactive substances and polydrug pattern of antipsychotics with antidepressants and sedativehypnotics.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included articles' reports of homicidal poisoning are accurate and represent true homicidal poisonings.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The search strategy captured all relevant reported homicidal poisoning cases.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The cases reported in the literature are representative of homicidal poisoning globally.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Historically, conventional homicidal poisons included arsenic, cyanide, mercury, strychnine, aconite and atropine.

“Historically, some conventional homicidal poisons can be categorized in herbal, animal and minerals types were including arsenic, cyanide, mercury, strychnine, aconite and atropine [2].”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Lack of suspicion and clinical presentations often misdiagnosed as natural disease, especially in a hospital setting, are limitations for detection of homicidal poisonings.

“For example, lack of suspicion of this type of poisoning and clinical presentations in this poisoning are often misdiagnosed as natural disease, especially if the crime is occurred in a hospital setting [3,6].”

• cites [3]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [6]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Forensic autopsy and postmortem histopathological and toxicological analysis have a critical role in investigation of fatal homicidal poisoning cases.

“Forensic autopsy and postmortem histopathological and toxicological analysis have a critical role in investigation on homicidal poisoning fatal cases.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included articles' reports of homicidal poisoning are accurate and represent true homicidal poisonings.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Forensic-based studies and reports of forensic cases were included.

“Forensic-based studies and reports of forensic cases (including clinical presentations, autopsy findings, postmortem histopathological and toxicological analysis) were included.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The search covered all articles from January 1, 2010 to September 30, 2023 that described human cases of homicidal poisoning.

“We searched all articles from January 1, 2010 to September 30, 2023 that described human cases of homicidal poisoning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Forensic investigations play a very important role in identifying the poisonous agent's involvement in cases of homicidal poisoning and death.

“Forensic investigations play a very important role in identifying the poisonous agent's involvement in cases of homicidal poisoning and death.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.

“We conducted the study in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Sophisticated instrumental analysis, usually tandem mass spectrometry, can be used for toxicological analysis of trace levels of drugs and poisons in routine and alternative samples in victims of homicidal poisoning.

“The sophisticated instrumental analysis (usually using tandem mass spectrometry) can be used for toxicological analysis of trace levels of drugs and poisons in routine and alternative samples in the victims of homicidal poisoning.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included articles' reports of homicidal poisoning are accurate and represent true homicidal poisonings.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

All types of articles describing homicidal poisoning were included.

“All type of articles describing homicidal poisoning were included.”

May combine two claims.

Homicidal poisoning remains a rare and poorly described phenomenon.

“Homicidal poisoning remain rare and poorly described phenomenon [5].”

• cites [5]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Articles with insufficient data, no toxicological analysis data, or undetected poisonous agent were excluded.

“Finally, we excluded articles that were had insufficient data, no toxicological analysis data or undetected poisonous agent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Non-English publications were excluded.

“Also, non-English publications were excluded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Historical evidence from ancient civilizations such as Greece, Egypt, Iran, India and China shows they used natural-based poisons in homicidal poisoning.

“Historical evidences from ancient civilizations such as Greece, Egypt, Iran, India and China showed that they had been used from natural -based poisons in homicidal poisoning [13].”

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar using the keywords 'Homicidal poisoning' OR 'Criminal poisoning'.

“We searched PubMed (pubmed.gov) and Google Scholar (scholar.google.com)using”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Drugs like opium, digitalis and henbane have been used in assassination since ancient times.

“In addition, drugs like opium, digitalis and henbane have been used in assassination since ancient times [3,4].”

• cites [3]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [4]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The review of reported criminal poisonings in recent years will lead to more information of drugs and poisons implicated in this type of poisoning.

“The review of reported criminal poisonings in the recent years will lead to more information of drugs and poisons implicated in this type of poisoning.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included articles' reports of homicidal poisoning are accurate and represent true homicidal poisonings.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The search strategy captured all relevant reported homicidal poisoning cases.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These findings are similar to previous studies.

“These findings are similar to previous studies.”

• cites [3]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [10]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent studies have shown that TTX-containing fish are being found in other regions of the Pacific, Southeast Asia and in the Indian Ocean, and in the Mediterranean Sea.

“Recent studies have shown that TTX-containing fish are being found in other regions of the Pacific, Southeast Asia and in the Indian Ocean, and in the Mediterranean Sea [70,71].”

• cites [70]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [71]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

TTX poisonings were most commonly reported as food poisoning from countries like Japan, Thailand, and China, but today the risk of TTX poisoning is spreading around the world.

“TTX poisonings were most commonly reported as a food poisoning from countries like Japan, Thailand, and China, but today the risk of TTX poisoning is spreading around the world.”

• cites [70]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [71]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The victim of TTX poisoning usually exhibits shortness of breath, mydriasis, complete atrioventricular block and hypotension.

“The victim usually exhibits shortness of breath, mydriasis, complete atrioventricular block and hypotension.”

• cites [70]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [71]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [72]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

TTX poisoning symptoms include orolingual numbness followed by acroparesthesia, salivation, sweating, headache, weakness, lethargy, incoordination, tremor, paralysis, bluish skin, loss of voice, dysphasia and seizures.

“Orolingual numbness followed by developing it in the extremities (acroparesthesia), salivation, sweating, headache, weakness, lethargy, incoordination, tremor, paralysis, bluish skin, loss of voice, dysphasia and seizures.”

• cites [70]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [71]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [72]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The oral LD50 of TTX in mice is 334 μg/kg.

“The oral LD50 in mice as 334 μg/kg.”

• cites [72]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Toxicity data from animal studies (e.g., mouse LD50) are relevant to human homicidal poisoning risk.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This finding is in concordance with many previous studies on homicidal poisoning.

“This finding is in concordance with many of previous studies on homicidal poisoning [3,5,6].”

• cites [3]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [5]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [6]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

TTX poisoning symptoms typically develop within 30 minutes up to 4 hours of ingestion; in fatal cases, the symptoms are usually present within 10-20 minutes of ingestion.

“TTX poisoning symptoms typically develop within 30 minutes up to 4 hours of ingestion, in fatal cases, the symptoms are usually present within 10-20 minutes of ingestion.”

• cites [70]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [71]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [72]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

As a notable fact, contemporary poisons are based on the use of synthetic substances from organophosphorus-based nerve agents and radioactive isotopes instead of biotoxins.

“As a notable fact, contemporary poisons, are based on the use of synthetic substances from the organophosphorus-based nerve agents and radioactive isotopes instead of biotoxins.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Colchicine is widely distributed and binds to intracellular parts.

“It widely distributed and binds to intracellular parts.”

• cites [77]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Colchicine is also excreted by the kidneys.

“It is also excreted by the kidneys.”

• cites [77]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Accidental poisoning of colchicine as a result of consumption of the herb G. superba has been reported previously.

“Accidental poisoning of colchicine as a result of consumption of the herb G. superba has been reported, previously [76].”

• cites [76]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Delayed presentation and pre-existing renal or liver impairment are associated with poor prognosis in colchicine poisoning.

“Delayed presentation, pre-existing renal or liver impairment are associated with poor prognosis.”

• cites [77]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [78]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Colchicine is primarily metabolized by the liver and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism and significant enterohepatic recirculation.

“It is primarily metabolized by the liver and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism and significant enterohepatic recirculation.”

• cites [77]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Phase 2 of colchicine poisoning (24 h to 7 days after ingestion) includes metabolic acidosis, hypovolumic shock, myelosuppression (including anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia) and multi-organ dysfunction including oliguric renal failure, liver dysfunction, acute myocardial injury and respiratory failure.

“Phase 2: 24 h to 7 days after ingestion, metabolic acidosis, hypovolumic shock, myelosupression (including anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia) and multi-organ dysfunction including oliguric renal failure, liver dysfunction, acute myocardial injury and respiratory failure.”

• cites [77]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [78]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The LD50 of Egyptian cobra venom is 0.12 μg/g.

“The LD50, its venom is 0.12 µg/g.”

• cites [73]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although completely paralyzed, the victim of TTX poisoning may be conscious and in some cases completely understandable until shortly before death; however, some victims enter a coma.

“Although, the victim completely paralyzed, may be conscious and in some cases completely understandable until shortly before death.However, some victims enter a coma [70][71][72].”

• cites [70]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [71]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [72]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Envenomation by Egyptian cobra causes local pain and swelling, and may be associated with blistering at the bite site.

“Envenomation causes local pain and swelling, and may be associated with blistering at the bite site.”

• cites [73]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Mental impairment and cardiac dysrhythmia may occur in TTX poisoning.

“Mental impairment and cardiac dysrhythmia may occur.”

• cites [70]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [71]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [72]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Colchicine has a narrow therapeutic index (1.2-2.4 mg/day in adults) and long half-life; intentional and unintentional poisoning is common and often associated with a poor outcome.

“Colchicine has a narrow therapeutic index (1.2-2.4 mg/day in adults) and long half-life and intentional and unintentional poisoning is common and often associated with a poor outcome.”

• cites [77]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Colchicine can inhibit protein synthesis and assembly, decrease endocytosis and exocytosis and cellular motility, alter cell morphology, disrupt mitosis, and interrupt cardiac conduction and contractility.

“Colchicine can inhibit protein synthesis and assembly, decreased endocytosis and exocytosis and cellular motility, altered cell morphology, disruption in mitosis, and interrupted cardiac conduction and contractility.”

• cites [77]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [78]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Neurotoxic and systemic symptoms from Egyptian cobra envenomation develop within few hours, and deaths have occurred within 6-16 h after large snakes' bites, despite the use of antivenom and mechanical ventilation.

“Neurotoxic and systemic symptoms develop within few hours, and deaths have occurred within 6-16 h after large snakes' bites, despite the use of antivenom and mechanical ventilation [73].”

• cites [73]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Colchicine poisoning clinical presentations occur in three sequential phases: phase 1 (10-24 h after ingestion) is a gastrointestinal phase mimicking gastroenteritis with profuse vomiting and diarrhea, which can be bloody, and abdominal cramps.

“Colchicine poisoning clinical presentations were in three sequential phases: phase 1: 10-24 h after ingestion, gastrointestinal phase mimicking gastroenteritis (profuse vomiting and diarrhea, which can be bloody, abdominal cramps).”

• cites [77]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [78]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recently, researchers purified an approximately 15 kDa basic phospholipase A2 enzyme from Egyptian cobra venom.

“Recently, the researchers purified an approximately 15 kDa basic phospholipase A2 enzyme from its venom [75].”

• cites [75]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Four toxins (CM-7, CM-8, CM-9 and CM-10b) were purified from Egyptian cobra venom and belong to a cytotoxin group.

“Four toxins (CM-7, CM-8, CM-9 and CM-10b) were purified from Egyptian cobra venom and belong to a cytotoxin group [74].”

• cites [74]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Smell of body (bitter almond in cyanide or nitrobenzene poisoning and garlic odor in organophosphate, phosphorous, phosphine and arsenic deaths) and livor mortis like cherry red lividity in carbon monoxide poisoning have been observed.

“Smell of body (bitter almond in cyanide or nitrobenzen poisoning and garlic odor in organophosphate, phosphorous, phosphine and arsenic deaths) and livor mortis (also known as postmortem hypostasis or postmortem lividity) like cherry red lividity in carbon monoxide poisoning have been observed.”

• cites [79]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

External and internal examinations of victim's corpse give valuable data about cause and manner of death.

“However, the external and internal examinations of victim's corpse gives a valuable data about cause and manner of death.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A comprehensive analysis of homicidal poisoning fatalities involving forensic investigative data about crime scene evidence evaluation and circumstances, clinical toxicology findings of the poisoned victim who admitted in a hospital, autopsy findings, postmortem histopathological and toxicological results is a fundamental part to diagnosis of fatal homicidal poisoning.

“A comprehensive analysis of homicidal poisoning fatalities involving forensic investigative data about crime scene evidences evaluation and circumstances, clinical toxicology findings of the poisoned victim who admitted in a hospital, autopsy findings, postmortem histopathological and toxicological results are a fundamental part to diagnosis of fatal homicidal poisoning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are a wide variety of analytical techniques available for the analysis of toxic substances in biological samples.

“There are a wide variety of analytical techniques available for the analysis of toxic substances in biological samples.”

• cites [79]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [83]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The most common findings in poisoned deaths are organ edema and congestion such as pulmonary edema and liver congestion, which are common in all kinds of deaths.

“Indeed, the most common findings are organ edema and congestion such as pulmonary edema and liver congestion, which are common in all kinds of deaths.”

• cites [79]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The advanced instrumental analysis (usually using tandem mass spectrometry) can be used for toxicological analysis of trace levels of drugs and poisons in routine and alternative samples in the victims of homicidal poisoning.

“The advanced instrumental analysis (usually using tandem mass spectrometry) can be used for toxicological analysis of trace levels of drugs and poisons in routine and alternative samples in the victims of homicidal poisoning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The most common techniques used in forensic toxicology can be grouped into spectrophotometry, immunoassay, chromatography methods, and mass spectrometry techniques.

“The most common techniques used in forensic toxicology can be grouped into spectrophotometry [e.g.Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV-VIS)], immunoassay [Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Radioimmunoassay (RIA), Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA), Cloned Enzyme Donor Immunoassay (CEDIA), and Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique”

• cites [79]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [83]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Forensic autopsy and postmortem histopathological and toxicological analysis have a critical role for investigation on homicidal poisoning fatal cases.

“Forensic autopsy and postmortem histopathological and toxicological analysis have a critical role for investigation on homicidal poisoning fatal cases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The reliable detection of cause of homicidal poisoning is a multidisciplinary task between police officers, law enforcement agents, clinical and forensic practitioners including clinical toxicologists, forensic pathologist and forensic toxicologists.

“The reliable detection of cause of homicidal poisoning is a multidisciplinary task between police officers, law enforcement agents, clinical and forensic practitioners including clinical toxicologists, forensic pathologist and forensic toxicologists.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A comprehensive forensic investigation including crime scene and evidence analysis and postmortem examination in poisoning-related fatalities has a crucial role to establish the cause and manner of death.

“A Comprehensive forensic investigation including crime scene and evidences analysis and postmortem examination in poisoning-related fatalities is a crucial role to establish the cause and manner of death.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

More sophisticated techniques like LC-MS-MS, tandem GC-MS, ICP-MS can be used to measure drugs and poisons at trace levels in biological samples.

“Also, more sophisticated techniques like Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS), tandem GC-MS, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) can be used to measure drugs and poisons at trace levels in biological samples [79,83].”

• cites [79]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [83]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A massive spontaneous brain hemorrhage and edema, or gastrointestinal bleeding may indicate intake of anticoagulants and radiotoxic agents.

“A massive spontaneous brain hemorrhage and edema, or gastrointestinal bleeding may indicate intake of anticoagulants and radiotoxic agents.”

• cites [79]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Alpha-particle spectroscopy and gamma-ray spectroscopy can be used for qualitative analysis of the energy spectra in radioisotopes induced poisoning.

“In addition, alpha-particle spectroscopy and gamma-ray spectroscopy can be used for the qualitative analysis of the energy spectra in radioisotopes induced poisoning [84].”

• cites [84]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Contemporary poisons and drugs used in homicidal poisonings are based in combinations of old and well-described poisons and drugs (including cyanide, arsenic, thallium, atropine, and pesticides) and the use of natural or synthetic drugs and poisons from the group of tetrodotoxin, organophosphorus agents, radioactive substances and poly drug pattern of antipsychotics with antidepressants, and seda

“Contemporary poisons and drugs used in homicidal poisonings are based in combinations of old and welldescribed poisons and drugs (including cyanide, arsenic, thallium, atropine, and pesticides) and the use of natural or synthetic drugs and poisons from the group of tetrodotoxin, organophosphorus agents, radioactive substances and poly drug pattern of antipsychotics with antidepressants, and seda”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The published cases and case reports included in the review are representative of the actual pattern of homicidal poisoning.