Acute and chronic arsenic toxicity
Open accessAbstract
Arsenic toxicity is a global health problem affecting many millions of people. Contamination is caused by arsenic from natural geological sources leaching into aquifers, contaminating drinking water and may also occur from mining and other industrial processes. Arsenic is present as a contaminant in many traditional remedies. Arsenic trioxide is now used to treat acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Absorption occurs predominantly from ingestion from the small intestine, though minimal absorption occurs from skin contact and inhalation. Arsenic exerts its toxicity by inactivating up to 200 enzymes, especially those involved in cellular energy pathways and DNA synthesis and repair. Acute arsenic poisoning is associated initially with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and severe diarrhoea. Encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy are reported. Chronic arsenic toxicity results in multisystem disease. Arsenic is a well documented human carcinogen affecting numerous organs. There are no evidence based treatment regimens to treat chronic arsenic poisoning but antioxidants have been advocated, though benefit is not proven. The focus of management is to reduce arsenic ingestion from drinking water and there is increasing emphasis on using alternative supplies of water.
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Long-term chronic exposure to arsenic can lead to multisystem failure as a result of various cancers.
“Long term chronic exposure to arsenic can lead to multisystem failure as a result of various cancers.36”
From The Evaluation of Total Mercury and Arsenic in Skin Bleaching Creams Commonly used in Trinidad and Tobago and their Potential Risk to the People of the Caribbean (2017) · cites this paper as [36]
The Chronic poisoning section says long-term arsenic toxicity leads to multisystem disease and that malignancy is its most serious consequence. The Malignant disease section identifies cancers in numerous organs. Neither says that cancers cause multisystem failure; the claim adds that causal link and substitutes failure for disease. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLong-term arsenic exposure is associated with a range of chronic health effects including hyperpigmentation, palmar and solar keratosis, diarrhoea and vomiting, skin changes and neuropathy, ischemic heart disease, confusion and memory loss, respiratory disease and a higher risk of diabetes.
“Other symptoms may include hyperpigmentation, palmar and solar keratosis, diarrhoea and vomiting, skin changes and neuropathy,36 ischemic heart disease, 38 confusion and memory loss,23 respiratory disease and a higher risk of diabetes.39,40”
Arsenic can enter the body via inhalation, ingestion and via the skin.
“The levels of Arsenic observed can enter the body via inhalation, ingestion and via the skin.36”
When in the body, arsenic can accumulate in hair, skin and nails and result in chronic health effects.
“When in the body Arsenic can accumulate in hair, skin and nails and result in chronic health effects.”
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Yang, Y.-W., Liou, S.-H., Hsueh, Y.-M., Lyu, W.-S., Liu, C.-S., Liu, H.-J., Chung, M.-C., Hung, P.-H., & Chung, C.-J. (2018) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2018.07.015 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Mohammed, T., Mohammed, E., & Bascombe, S. (2017) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2017.1097 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Poisons and Drugs Used in Homicidal Poisoning: A Systematic Review
Soltaninejad, K. (2023) · International Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.23880/ijfsc-16000335 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ratnaike, R. N.
- Affiliations
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Ratnaike, R N
- Venue
- Postgraduate Medical Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-07-01
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 933
- Pages
- 391-396
- ISSN
- 0032-5473 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-0756
- PMC
- PMC1742758
- OpenAlex
- W2115063820
- Cited by
- 1,175
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 143 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Postgraduate Medical Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Adelaide
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Arsenic contamination and mitigation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
- Keywords
- arsenic toxicity, acute arsenic poisoning, arsenicosis, arsenic trioxide, promyelocytic leukemia, drinking water contamination, groundwater arsenic, traditional remedies, enzyme inactivation, peripheral neuropathy, encephalopathy, arsenic carcinogenesis, antioxidants, alternative water supply
- MeSH terms
- Arsenic, Cardiovascular Diseases, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Skin Diseases, Arsenic Poisoning, Female Urogenital Diseases, Male Urogenital Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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