The Future of Human-AI Collaboration: A Taxonomy of Design Knowledge for Hybrid Intelligence Systems
Open accessAbstract
Recent technological advances, especially in the field of machine learning, provide astonishing progress on the road towards artificial general intelligence. However, tasks in current real-world business applications cannot yet be solved by machines alone. We, therefore, identify the need for developing socio-technological ensembles of humans and machines. Such systems possess the ability to accomplish complex goals by combining human and artificial intelligence to collectively achieve superior results and continuously improve by learning from each other. Thus, the need for structured design knowledge for those systems arises. Following a taxonomy development method, this article provides three main contributions: First, we present a structured overview of interdisciplinary research on the role of humans in the machine learning pipeline. Second, we envision hybrid intelligence systems and conceptualize the relevant dimensions for system design for the first time. Finally, we offer useful guidance for system developers during the implementation of such applications.
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The more highly developed concepts of collaborative AI, responsible AI, or hybrid intelligence systems see a long-term role for humans in the application of AI systems.
“However, the more highly developed concepts of”
From Keeping the organization in the loop: a socio-technical extension of human-centered artificial intelligence (2023) · cites this paper as Dellermann et al. 2019
Section 2.3, “Hybrid Intelligence,” argues that humans and machines will collaborate continuously and describes hybrid intelligence as a likely division of labor for years or decades. That supports a long-term human role in hybrid intelligence, but the paper does not establish the same claim for responsible AI as a distinct concept. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTo develop an interaction between 4.1 and 4.2, a complementary combination of human and AI strengths is to be pursued.
“To develop an interaction between 4.1 and 4.2, a complementary combination of human and AI strengths is to be pursued (Dellermann et al. 2019;Jarrahi 2018).”
From Keeping the organization in the loop: a socio-technical extension of human-centered artificial intelligence (2023) · cites this paper as Dellermann et al. 2019
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dellermann, D., Ebel, P., Söllner, M., & Leimeister, J. M. (2019) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-019-00595-2 · Cited by 826 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, W., Dainoff, M. J., Ge, L., & Gao, Z. (2023) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2041900 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Herrmann, T., & Pfeiffer, S. (2023) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01391-5 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“This includes continuous improvement by collaborative learning (Dellermann et al. 2019; Her-rmann 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffective human–AI work design for collaborative decision-making
Jain, R., Garg, N., & Khera, S. N. (2023) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-04-2022-0548 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
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Puerta-Beldarrain, M., Gómez-Carmona, O., Sánchez-Corcuera, R., Casado-Mansilla, D., López-de-Ipiña, D., & Chen, L. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3536095 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The job perception inventory: Considering human factors and needs in the design of human-AI work
Berretta, S., Tausch, A., Peifer, C., & Kluge, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128945 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Due to the human-like capabilities of smart technologies (e.g., Huang et al., 2019; Rai et al., 2019; Dellermann et al., 2021), the introduction of those leads to growing complexity in the workplace (Huchler, 2022).”
Background
- Authors
- Dellermann, D., Calma, A., Lipusch, N., Weber, T., Weigel, S., & Ebel, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Kassel (DE)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
- Published
- 2019
- ISSN
- 1530-1605 (ISSN-L)
- 2572-6862
- OpenAlex
- W2901418095
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 59.22
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) (submittedVersion)
- ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Information Systems Theories and Implementation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Keywords
- human-AI collaboration, artificial general intelligence, socio-technical systems, human-in-the-loop learning
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