Evaluation of a continuous glucose monitoring system in healthy dairy calves and adult goats
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) device by comparing glucose concentrations measured over time as determined by the CGMS to those of the chemistry analyzer (reference method). ANIMALS: 7 healthy goats and 7 dairy calves. METHODS: A randomized, crossover design with 3 treatments: control, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia. The CGMS device was applied to the neck. Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia were induced by insulin and xylazine, respectively. Glucose concentrations were measured by the chemistry analyzer CGMS, point-of-care glucometer, and intensive care unit machine at 0 (before treatment), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours. Agreement between the CGMS and the chemistry analyzer was determined by Bland-Altman plots. The analytical and clinical accuracy of the CGMS was determined using the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15197:2013 criteria and the Parkes error grid analysis. RESULTS: In goats, the CGMS overestimated glucose concentrations during the hypoglycemic, normoglycemia, and hyperglycemia treatments. In calves, the CGMS underestimated glucose concentrations during the hypoglycemic treatment but overestimated glucose concentrations in normoglycemia and hyperglycemic treatments. The CGMS met the ISO clinical accuracy criteria for goats and calves, with > 99% of the glucose measurements in zones A and B of the Parkes grid. However, the CGMS did not meet the ISO 15197:2013 criteria for analytical accuracy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The CGMS evaluated in our study only met the ISO 15197:2013 clinical accuracy criteria, not the analytical accuracy. Therefore, the device might be considered for clinical use.
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Commercially available CGMs (FreeStyle Libre) have recently been validated for clinical use in calves.
“Commercially available CGMs (FreeStyle Libre, Abbot Laboratories, Chicago, USA), which have recently been validated for clinical use in calves [34], were attached to 20 calves at the AC according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.”
From Effects of age and feeding protocols on the metabolic and physiological condition of unweaned calves during and after long-distance transport (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The Discussion reports that the FreeStyle Libre 2 met clinical accuracy criteria in healthy calves and might be considered for clinical glucose monitoring. Calling it validated for clinical use in calves overstates that qualified conclusion: it did not meet analytical accuracy criteria, and the authors call for further evaluation in sick, hypoglycemic, or hyperglycemic calves. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe clinical use of CGMs has been previously validated in calves, but this study additionally shows that these sensors can be used in a transport setting with minimal risk of injury to the calves or loss or destruction of the devices.
“The clinical use of CGMs has been previously validated in calves [34], but this study additionally shows that these sensors can be used in a transport setting with minimal risk of injury to the calves or loss or destruction of the devices.”
From Effects of age and feeding protocols on the metabolic and physiological condition of unweaned calves during and after long-distance transport (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The Discussion reports that the CGMS met clinical accuracy criteria in healthy calves and might be considered for clinical glucose monitoring. It does not establish clinical use across calves generally: the authors call for further evaluation in sick, hypoglycemic, or hyperglycemic animals. The transport-setting finding is presented as the citing study’s own result, not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTwo of 20 CGMs recorded faulty data, which might have been avoided by covering the CGMs with adhesive bandage to prevent them from detaching from the skin.
“Two of 20 CGMs recorded faulty data, which might have been avoided by covering the CGMs with adhesive bandage to prevent them from detaching from the skin [34].”
From Effects of age and feeding protocols on the metabolic and physiological condition of unweaned calves during and after long-distance transport (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The Discussion says a bandage reduced device detachment in goats and recommends considering one. But the Results report that four devices in goats and two in calves were replaced after detaching, not that two of 20 CGMs recorded faulty data. The paper does not link faulty readings to detachment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Siegmann, S., van Dijk, L. L., Field, N. L., Sayers, G., Sugrue, K., van Reenen, C. G., Bokkers, E. A. M., & Conneely, M. (2026) · Irish Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1186/s13620-026-00340-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“(Although this reference range applies to plasma glucose, Brobst et al. [34] found that CGM-measured interstitial glucose differs from plasma glucose by only 0.1 mmol/L in hypoglycaemic calves.)”
Influential
- Authors
- Brobst, M. N., Abi-Nader, B. A., Blasczynski, S. J., & Chigerwe, M.
- Affiliations
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (US)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chigerwe, Munashe
- ORCID
- Chigerwe, Munashe
- Venue
- American Journal of Veterinary Research
- Published
- 2024-09-01
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 9
- ISSN
- 0002-9645 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-5681
- OpenAlex
- W4400457001
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 1.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Veterinary Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Keywords
- continuous glucose monitoring, goats, dairy calves, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, ISO 15197:2013, analytical accuracy, clinical accuracy, point-of-care glucometers
- MeSH terms
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring, Animals, Blood Glucose, Cattle, Female, Goats, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Insulin, Male, Monitoring, Physiologic, Xylazine, Cross-Over Studies
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