The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: personality and social role outcomes.
Open accessAbstract
Longitudinal trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence into adulthood were examined for adverse life-course outcomes among African-Americans and Puerto Ricans. Data for marijuana use were analyzed at four points in time and on participants' personality attributes, work functioning, and partner relations in adulthood using growth mixture modeling. Each of the three marijuana-use trajectory groups (maturing-out, late-onset, and chronic marijuana-users) had greater adverse life-course outcomes than a nonuse or low-use trajectory group. The chronic marijuana-use trajectory group was highly associated with criminal behavior and partners' marijuana use in adulthood. Treatment programs for marijuana use should also directly address common adverse life-course outcomes users may already be experiencing.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Two trajectory studies demonstrated that quitting cannabis by the end of adolescence did not protect people from some of the serious effects of the drug.16,39”
From Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Missing data: our view of the state of the art
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.2.147 · Cited by 11,638
Measuring Dyadic Adjustment: New Scales for Assessing the Quality of Marriage and Similar Dyads
Spanier, G. B. (1976) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/350547 · Cited by 7,095
An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis
Agresti, A. (2006) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/0470114754 · Cited by 6,775
Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A Longitudinal Study of Youth
Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. L. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,304
The Self-Medication Hypothesis of Substance Use Disorders: A Reconsideration and Recent Applications
Khantzian, E. J. (1997) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673229709030550 · Cited by 3,242 · cited 1×
“The self-medication hypothesis (Khantzian, 1997) suggests that the abuse of substances may serve to relieve symptoms of distress such as anxiety and depressive mood.”
BackgroundA SAS Procedure Based on Mixture Models for Estimating Developmental Trajectories
Jones, B. L., Nagin, D. S., & Roeder, K. (2001) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124101029003005 · Cited by 2,374
An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis
Musiol, G. (1997) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/s0167-9473(97)84760-3 · Cited by 1,981
Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood.
Donovan, J. E., & Jessor, R. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.53.6.890 · Cited by 1,292
Advances in Group-Based Trajectory Modeling and an SAS Procedure for Estimating Them
Jones, B. L., & Nagin, D. S. (2007) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124106292364 · Cited by 1,206
Cannabis use and mental health in young people: cohort study.
Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M., & Hall, W. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1195 · Cited by 997
Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood.
Donovan, J. E., & Jessor, R. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.53.6.890 · Cited by 935
Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence
Arseneault, L., Cannon, M. D., Witton, J., & Murray, R. M. (2004) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.2.110 · Cited by 924
Wayne, S. J., & Ferris, G. R. (1990) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.5.487 · Cited by 860
Group-Based Trajectory Modeling: An Overview
Nagin, D. S. (2014) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000360229 · Cited by 700
The psychosocial etiology of adolescent drug use: a family interactional approach.
Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., Gordon, A. S., Whiteman, M., & Cohen, P. R. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 682
Self-citationCannabis use and later life outcomes
Fergusson, D. M., & Boden, J. M. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02221.x · Cited by 526
Cannabis use and other illicit drug use: testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis
Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01322.x · Cited by 484
The decline of substance use in young adulthood changes in social activities, roles, and beliefs
Bachman, J. G. (2002) · Cited by 385
Flory, K., Lynam, D. R., Milich, R. S., Leukefeld, C. G., & Clayton, R. (2004) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579404044475 · Cited by 377
Tucker, J. S., Ellickson, P. L., Orlando, M., Martino, S. C., & Klein, D. J. (2005) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204260503500205 · Cited by 300
Cannabis and Anxiety and Depression in Young Adults
Hayatbakhsh, M. R., Najman, J. M., Jamrozik, K. D., Mamun, A. A., Alati, R., & Bor, W. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31802dc54d · Cited by 266
Undetected Delinquent Behavior
Gold, M. (1966) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/002242786600300103 · Cited by 262
Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users
Matochik, J. A., Eldreth, D. A., Cadet, J.-L., & Bolla, K. I. (2004) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.06.011 · Cited by 260
Schulenberg, J. E., Merline, A. C., Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Laetz, V. B. (2005) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204260503500203 · Cited by 244
Ellickson, P. L., Martino, S. C., & Collins, R. L. (2004) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.3.299 · Cited by 229
Conjoint Developmental Trajectories of Young Adult Substance Use
Jackson, K. M., Sher, K. J., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2008) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00643.x · Cited by 206
Problem Behavior and Romantic Relationships: Assortative Mating, Behavior Contagion, and Desistance
Rhule, D. M., & McMahon, R. J. (2007) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-006-0016-y · Cited by 201
The Marihuana Problem: An Overview
McGlothlin, W. H., & West, L. J. (1968) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.125.3.370 · Cited by 195
Group-Based Trajectory Modeling: An Overview
Nagin, D. S. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77650-7_4 · Cited by 144
State of the Art Treatments for Cannabis Dependence
Danovitch, I., & Gorelick, D. A. (2012) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2012.03.003 · Cited by 129
Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children
Costello, A. J., EDELBROCK, C. S., Dulcan, M. K., & Kalas, R. (1984) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t78752-000 · Cited by 122
Brown, T. L., Flory, K., Lynam, D. R., Leukefeld, C. G., & Clayton, R. (2004) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.12.1.47 · Cited by 109
Brook, J. S., Stimmel, M. A., Zhang, C., & Brook, D. W. (2008) · The American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490701860930 · Cited by 105
Self-citationThe Health and Psychological Effects of Cannabis Use
Hall, W. (1994) · Current Issues in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/10345329.1994.12036647 · Cited by 100
Grant, J. D., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Arpana Agrawal, A., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2007) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00356.x · Cited by 100
Delinquency and drug use: Temporal and developmental patterns
Huizinga, D. H., Menard, S., & Elliott, D. S. (1989) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418828900090281 · Cited by 93
Marijuana use trajectories during the post-college transition: Health outcomes in young adulthood
Caldeira, K. M., O’Grady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., & Arria, A. M. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.022 · Cited by 91
Adult social behavioral effects of heavy adolescent marijuana use among African Americans.
Green, K. M., & Ensminger, M. E. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1168 · Cited by 74
Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Czeisler, L. J., Shapiro, J., & Cohen, P. R. (1997) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221329709596660 · Cited by 69
Self-citationInitiation of Marijuana Use: Trends, Patterns, and Implications
Gfroerer, J., Wu, L.-T. T., & Penne, M. A. (2002) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e438082005-001 · Cited by 56
Changes in Marijuana use over the Transition into Marriage
Leonard, K. E., & Homish, G. G. (2005) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204260503500209 · Cited by 54
Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P. R., & Brook, J. S. (2001) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.15.4.336.19185 · Cited by 45
Self-citationTHE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGH SCHOOL MARIJUANA USE AND ANNUAL EARNINGS AMONG YOUNG ADULT MALES
Ringel, J. S., Ellickson, P. L., & Collins, R. L. (2005) · Contemporary Economic Policy · doi:10.1093/cep/byj006 · Cited by 29
Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., & Zhang, C. (2008) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200802092515 · Cited by 16
Self-citationPathways to Smoking Cessation Among African American and Puerto Rican Young Adults
Marcus, S. E., Pahl, K., Ning, Y. M., & Brook, J. S. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.101212 · Cited by 12
Self-citationBerg, C. J., Scheuermann, T. S., Grimsley, L., Rodd, J., & Smith, D. J. (2011) · Open Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojpm.2011.13015 · Cited by 6
Comorbilidad psiquiátrica en adolescentes consumidores de cannabis
Gonzalvo, B., Barral, C., Grau‐López, L., Esteve, O., & Roncero, C. (2011) · Trastornos Adictivos · doi:10.1016/s1575-0973(11)70023-x · Cited by 3
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Brook J. S., 1990, Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 116, 111
- Derogatis L. R., 1994, Symptoms Checklist 90–R administration scoring procedures, manual.
- Muthén B. O., 1998, Mplus technical appendices.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gobbi, G., Atkin, T., Zytynski, T., Wang, S., Askari, S., Boruff, J., Ware, M., Marmorstein, N., Cipriani, A., Dendukuri, N., et al. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500 · Cited by 914
Lev-Ran, S., Roerecke, M., Le Foll, B., George, T. P., McKenzie, K., & Rehm, J. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001438 · Cited by 589
Why young people's substance use matters for global health
Hall, W., Patton, G. C., Stockings, E., Weier, M., Lynskey, M. T., Morley, K. I., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00013-4 · Cited by 360
Cannabis use during adolescent development: Susceptibility to psychiatric illness
Chadwick, B., Miller, M. L., & Hurd, Y. L. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00129 · Cited by 210
The association between cannabis use and mood disorders: A longitudinal study
Feingold, D., Weiser, M., Rehm, J. T., & Lev‐Ran, S. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.006 · Cited by 166
Metadata
- Authors
- Brook, J. S., Lee, J. Y., Brown, E. N., Finch, S. J., & Brook, D. W.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brook, Judith S.
- Venue
- Psychological Reports
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 339-357
- ISSN
- 0033-2941 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-691X
- PMC
- PMC3117277
- OpenAlex
- W2074129942
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 005702, DA00244, K05DA000244, R01DA005702)
- National Cancer Institute (CA084063, R01CA084063)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- cannabis use, developmental trajectories, adolescence, adulthood, African Americans, Puerto Ricans, personality, work functioning, partner relations, criminal behavior, chronic marijuana use, addiction treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Black or African American, Marijuana Abuse, Character, Crime, Depression, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, New York City, Puerto Rico, Role, Social Adjustment, Somatoform Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
