Conjoint Developmental Trajectories of Young Adult Substance Use

Jackson, Kristina M.; Sher, Kenneth J.; Schulenberg, John E.

doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00643.x

Cited by 206Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesSmoking Behavior and CessationChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Conjoint Developmental Trajectories of Young Adult Substance Use

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Jackson, Kristina M., Sher, Kenneth J., Schulenberg, John E.·2008·Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

DOI 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00643.xPMC PMC2705997

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Abstract

Background. Despite the prominence of comorbidity among substances and the recent attention focused on trajectory‐based approaches to characterizing developmental change, little research in the substance use field has simultaneously considered both course and comorbidity. Methods. Using nationally representative panel data from the Monitoring the Future Project (MTF; n = 32,087; 56% female; 82% Caucasian), we identified developmental courses of heavy drinking, smoking, and marijuana use using 4 waves of data spanning ages 18 to 26 in a multi‐cohort young adult sample. Comorbidity was examined by cross‐classifying group membership in substance use trajectories. Finally, the extent to which risk factors (sex, race, alcohol expectancies, delinquency, sensation seeking, depressive affect, religiosity, academic achievement, and parent education) accounted for combinations of comorbidity that occurred at a rate greater than chance was examined. Results. For each substance, we identified 4 courses of substance use that were largely consistent with those found in the literature (chronic high use, late‐onset use, developmentally limited use, and low‐use), with a fifth moderate smoking group. Heavy drinking, smoking, and marijuana use were each highly associated, and distinct patterns of comorbidity were evident, with greatest agreement along the diagonal. All risk factors explained comorbidity to some degree, with delinquency, sensation seeking, alcohol expectancies, and religion in particular predicting combinations of comorbidity that were characterized by early onset and chronic high use. Conclusions. Cross‐substance trajectory concordance was high, with parallel changes in substance use over emerging adulthood. This suggests similar developmental timing of use, perhaps due to the experience of developmental transitions that have a common influence on use of different substances. Prediction of combinations of comorbidity characterized by early onset and persistently high use suggests that to some extent, individuals use multiple substances because of a common vulnerability to each, rather than directional relations among substances (e.g., cross‐tolerance, cueing).

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Alcohol consumption reaches its peak among emerging adults.
“Consumption peaks among EAs (Jackson, Sher, & Schulenberg, 2008; H. R. White, Jackson, & Loeber, 2009)”
From Understanding the Role of Alcohol, Anxiety, and Trait Mindfulness in the Perpetration of Physical and Sexual Dating Violence in Emerging Adults. (2018) · cites this paper as Jackson, Sher, & Schulenberg, 2008
Of the 83 methodologically most rigorous smoking studies, 75 (90%) reported inverse relationships with R/S involvement.
“Of the 83 methodologically most rigorous studies, 75 (90%) reported inverse relationships with R/S involvement [213, 285–294].”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [285]

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Pickens, R. W., Svikis, D. S., McGue, M. K., & LaBuda, M. C. (1995) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(95)01151-n · Cited by 97 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of developmental trajectories to young adult cigarette smoking
Juon, H., Ensminger, M. E., & Sydnor, K. D. (2002) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00008-x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Psychosocial predictors of smoking trajectories during middle and high school
Abroms, L. C., Simons‐Morton, B. G., Haynie, D. L., & Chen, R. (2005) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01090.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Developmental Psychopathology
Salkind, N. J. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Human Development · doi:10.4135/9781412952484.n190 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Structural-equation models of current drug use: Are appropriate models so simple(x)?
Hays, R. D., Widaman, K. F., DiMatteo, M. R., & Stacy, A. W. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.1.134 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Smoking and the genetic contribution to alcohol-dependence risk.
Madden, P. A. F., Bucholz, K. K., Martin, N. G., & Heath, A. C. (2000) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Identifying High School Students “At Risk” for Substance Use and Other Behavioral Problems: Implications for Prevention
Hallfors, D. D., Cho, H., Brodish, P., Flewelling, R. L., & Khatapoush, S. (2006) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826080500318509 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Pathways through adolescent smoking: A 7-year longitudinal grouping analysis.
Soldz, S., & Cui, X. (2002) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.21.5.495 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Drug Sequences, Age of Onset, and Use Trajectories as Predictors of Drug Abuse/Dependence in Young Adulthood
Labouvie, E. W., & WHITE, H. R. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499777.004 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Identifying and predicting adolescent smokers' developmental trajectories
Stanton, W. R., Flay, B. R., Colder, C. R., & Mehta, P. D. (2004) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200410001734076 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Adolescents' alcohol and drug use trajectories in the year following treatment.
Chung, T. A., Maisto, S. A., Cornelius, J. R., & Martin, C. S. (2004) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2004.65.105 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Structural-equation models of current drug use: Are appropriate models so simple(x)?
Hays, R. D., Widaman, K. F., DiMatteo, M. R., et al. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.134 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Negative Affect and Addiction
Kassel, J. D., Greenstein, J. E., Evatt, D. P., Roesch, L. L., Veilleux, J. C., Wardle, M. C., & Yates, M. C. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370632-4/50011-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-generated drug outcomes in high-risk adolescents.
Stacy, A. W., Galaif, E. R., Sussman, S. Y., & Dent, C. W. (1996) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.10.1.18 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Smoking Onset in Adolescence: A Person-Centered Analysis With Time-Varying Predictors.
Wills, T. A., Resko, J. A., Ainette, M. G., & Mendoza, D. (2004) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.2.158 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking from adolescence to young adulthood: Women’s developmental trajectories and associates outcomes
Tucker, J. S., Ellickson, P. L., Orlando, M., & Klein, D. J. (2006) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2005.08.004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gateway to Nowhere: How Alcohol Came to be Scapegoated for Drug Abuse
Peele, S., & Brodsky, A. (1997) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359709004356 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Confidence Intervals of the Attributable Risk under Cross-Sectional Sampling with Confounders
Lui, K. (2001) · Biometrical Journal · doi:10.1002/1521-4036(200110)43:6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications
Koenig, H. G. (2012) · ISRN Psychiatry · doi:10.5402/2012/278730 · Cited by 2,423 · see citing works
“Of the 83 methodologically most rigorous studies, 75 (90%) reported inverse relationships with R/S involvement [213, 285–294].”
Background
Handbook of Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.001.0001 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
Simultaneous versus concurrent use of alcohol and cannabis in the National Alcohol Survey
Subbaraman, M. S., & Kerr, W. C. (2015) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12698 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
“, 2009), which can be explained by either common risk factors, or the nature of the substances causing use of one to lead to use of the other (Jackson et al., 2008).”
Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products
Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice (2015) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/18997 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use trajectories from age 12 to 24 years: Demographic correlates and young adult substance use problems
Nelson, S. E., Ryzin, M. J. V., & Dishion, T. J. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000650 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“…in studies that found similar trajectories for each substance, adolescents who belonged to a specific trajectory for one substance were more likely to belong to that same trajectory for another substance (e.g., Flory, Lynam, Milich, Leukefeld, & Clayton, 2004; Jackson, Sher, & Schulenberg, 2008).”
Alcohol use trajectories and the ubiquitous cat's cradle: Cause for concern?
Sher, K. J., Jackson, K. M., & Steinley, D. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021813 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citation
High‐Intensity Drinking Among Young Adults in the United States: Prevalence, Frequency, and Developmental Change
Patrick, M. E., Terry‐McElrath, Y. M., Kloska, D. D., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13164 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“Future research should investigate whether there are multiple trajectories of high-intensity drinking that mirror the multiple trajectories that have been documented for binge drinking (Jackson et al., 2008; Maggs and Schulenberg, 2004; Nelson et al., 2015; Schulenberg et al., 1996a).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
A Text Message Alcohol Intervention for Young Adult Emergency Department Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Suffoletto, B., Kristan, J., Callaway, C., Kim, K. H., Chung, T., Monti, P. M., & Clark, D. B. (2014) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.06.010 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Drug use patterns and continuous enrollment in college: results from a longitudinal study
Arria, A. M., Garnier-Dykstra, L. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., Winick, E. R., & O’Grady, K. E. (2013) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2013.74.71 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
A Motivational Model of Alcohol Use: Determinants of Use and Change
Cox, W. M., & Klinger, E. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470979952.ch6 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Tobacco, marijuana, and sensation seeking: Comparisons across gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual groups.
Trocki, K. F., Drabble, L. A., & Midanik, L. T. (2009) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0017334 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health
Dein, S. L., Cook, C. C. H., & Koenig, H. G. (2012) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31826b6dle · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Religious measures are generally inversely related to deviance, and this is especially true among the most rigorous studies (Jackson et al., 2008; Johnson et al., 2000).”
Background
Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: personality and social role outcomes.
Brook, J. S., Lee, J. Y., Brown, E. N., Finch, S. J., & Brook, D. W. (2011) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/10.18.pr0.108.2.339-357 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Religiosity, race/ethnicity, and alcohol use behaviors in the United States
Meyers, J. L., Brown, Q. L., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001975 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“…use, consume fewer drinks per occasion, and report fewer AUD symptoms (Miller et al. 2000; Trinkoff et al. 2000; Degenhardt et al. 2007; Michalak et al. 2007; Stockdale et al. 2007; Wallace et al. 2007; Jackson et al. 2008; Edlund et al. 2010; Moscati & Mezuk, 2014; Holt et al. 2015; Jeynes, n.d.).”
Background
Evidence for a Multi-Dimensional Latent Structural Model of Externalizing Disorders
the Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group, Witkiewitz, K., King, K., McMahon, R. J., Wu, J., Luk, J., Bierman, K. L., Coie, J. D., Dodge, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., et al. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9674-z · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Working memory ability and early drug use progression as predictors of adolescent substance use disorders
Khurana, A., Römer, D., Betancourt, L. M., & Hurt, H. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13792 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“There is a high degree of covariance in the trajectories of use of these three drugs [23,24] as well as a high degree of comorbidity in early onset of SUD for all three drugs [9].”
Alcohol and marijuana use trajectories in a diverse longitudinal sample of adolescents: examining use patterns from age 11 to 17 years.
D'Amico, E. J., Tucker, J. S., Miles, J. N. V., Ewing, B. A., Shih, R. A., & Pedersen, E. R. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13442 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Association of Marijuana Use With Blunted Nucleus Accumbens Response to Reward Anticipation
Martz, M. E., Trucco, E. M., Cope, L. M., Hardee, J. E., Jester, J. M., Zucker, R. A., & Heitzeg, M. M. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1161 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Age-related changes in reasons for using alcohol and marijuana from ages 18 to 30 in a national sample.
Patrick, M. E., Schulenberg, J. E., O’Malley, P. M., Maggs, J. L., Kloska, D. D., Johnston, L. D., & Bachman, J. G. (2011) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0022445 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“In addition, reasons for use at age 18 have been shown to be significant time-invariant predictors of drug use trajectories (Jackson et al., 2008; Schulenberg, Wadsworth, O’Malley, Bachman, & Johnston, 1996) and prospective predictors of alcohol and marijuana use disorders at age 35 (Patrick, Schulenberg, O’Malley, Jo…”
Self-citation
A 26-Year Follow-Up Study of Heavy Drinking Trajectories from Adolescence to Mid-Adulthood and Adult Disadvantage
Berg, N., Kiviruusu, O. H., Karvonen, S., Kestilä, L., Lintonen, T., Rahkonen, O., & Huurre, T. M. (2013) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agt026 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“We found trajectories similar to those found in previous studies based on shorter follow-up times (Hill et al., 2000; Maggs and Schulenberg, 2005b; Jackson et al., 2008).”
Result
Religion, spirituality and cardiovascular disease: research, clinical implications, and opportunities in Brazil
Lucchese, F. A., & Koenig, H. G. (2013) · Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.5935/1678-9741.20130015 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“, 131 studies) found inverse relationships [21-23]; only one study reported a positive relationship [24].”
Adolescent alcohol use trajectories: Predictors and subsequent problems
Danielsson, A., Wennberg, P., Tengström, A., & Romelsjö, A. (2010) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.05.001 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Computer and therapist based brief interventions among cannabis-using adolescents presenting to primary care: One year outcomes
Walton, M. A., Bohnert, K. M., Resko, S. M., Barry, K. L., Chermack, S. T., Zucker, R. A., Zimmerman, M. A., Booth, B. M., & Blow, F. C. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.020 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Changes in At-Risk American Men's Crime and Substance Use Trajectories Following Fatherhood
Kerr, D., Capaldi, D. M., Owen, L. D., Wiesner, M., & Pears, K. C. (2011) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00864.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Longitudinal patterns of marijuana use across ages 18–50 in a US national sample: A descriptive examination of predictors and health correlates of repeated measures latent class membership
Terry‐McElrath, Y. M., O’Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., Bray, B. C., Patrick, M. E., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.021 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…et al., 2004; Passarotti et al., 2015); not attending college (Nelson et al., 2015; Passarotti et al., 2015); co-morbid substance use (Jackson et al., 2008; Passarotti et al., 2015; Silins et al., 2013); and low religious commitment (Brown et al., 2004; Jackson et al., 2008; Silins et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Cannabis use during treatment for alcohol use disorders predicts alcohol treatment outcomes
Subbaraman, M. S., Metrik, J., Patterson, D., & Swift, R. M. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13693 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Experimentation versus progression in adolescent drug use: A test of an emerging neurobehavioral imbalance model
Khurana, A., Römer, D., Betancourt, L. M., Brodsky, N. L., Giannetta, J. M., & Hurt, H. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000765 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Marijuana use trajectories during college predict health outcomes nine years post-matriculation.
Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Bugbee, B. A., Vincent, K. B., & O’Grady, K. E. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.009 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Distinguishing subpopulations of marijuana users with latent profile analysis
Pearson, M. R., Bravo, A. J., & Conner, B. T. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.043 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“, 2004; Windle and Wiesner, 2004) and emerging/young adults (Arria et al., 2016; Brook et al., 2011; Brown et al., 2004; Caldeira et al., 2012; Ellickson et al., 2004; Jackson et al., 2008; Juon et al., 2011; Schulenberg et al., 2005; Tait et al., 2011).”
Background
Patterns of substance use across the first year of college and associated risk factors
Cho, S. B., Llaneza, D. C., Adkins, A. E., Cooke, M., Kendler, K. S., Clark, S. L., & Dick, D. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00152 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Further, the majority of comorbidity studies across adolescence and young adulthood have focused on alcohol, tobacco, and/or cannabis (9, 10, 17, 20, 21).”
Background
Trajectories of Marijuana Use in Youth Ages 15–25: Implications for Postsecondary Education Experiences
Homel, J., Thompson, K., & Leadbeater, B. J. R. (2014) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.674 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“First, several past studies of latent marijuana use trajectories report more than three classes (e.g., Jackson et al., 2008; Windle and Wiesner, 2004).”
Background
Developmental trajectories of adolescent cannabis use and their relationship to young adult social and behavioural adjustment: A longitudinal study of Australian youth
Scholes‐Balog, K. E., Hemphill, S. A., Evans-Whipp, T. J., Toumbourou, J. W., & Patton, G. C. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.09.008 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Identifying classes of conjoint alcohol and marijuana use in entering freshmen.
Haas, A. L., Wickham, R. E., Macia, K. S., Shields, M., Macher, R. B., & Schulte, T. (2015) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000089 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Marijuana use trajectories during the post-college transition: Health outcomes in young adulthood
Caldeira, K. M., O’Grady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., & Arria, A. M. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.022 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, with the exception of the fling group, these trajectories were later confirmed in a similar study using the full range of marijuana use frequency (Jackson et al., 2008).”
Racial differences in trajectories of heavy drinking and regular marijuana use from ages 13 to 24 among African-American and White males
Finlay, A. K., WHITE, H. R., Mun, E., Cronley, C. C., & Lee, C. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.08.020 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Future research examining the co-occurrence of alcohol and marijuana may yield important results because the combination of the two behaviors may exacerbate negative outcomes (Jackson et al., 2008).”
Background
Patterns of Alcohol Use in Early Adolescence Predict Problem Use at Age 16
Heron, J., Macleod, J., Munafo, M. R., Melotti, R., Lewis, G., Tilling, K. M., & Hickman, M. (2012) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agr156 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“This work has typically led to the extraction of between two and five classes, e.g. two (Li et al., 2002), three (Flory et al., 2004), four (Jackson et al., 2008) and five (Tucker et al., 2003).”
Background
Developmental Trajectories of Marijuana Use From Adolescence to Adulthood
Brook, J. S., Zhang, C., & Brook, D. W. (2011) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.248 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, the trajectories of marijuana use in the present study corresponded broadly, with slight differences in some cases, to the trajectories found by our group in prior work (conducted among a different sample),(18) as well as those observed by other investigators.(5,19) However, Schulenberg et al(16) identif…”
Effect of alcohol consumption in prenatal life, childhood, and adolescence on child development
Foltran, F., Gregori, D., Franchin, L., Verduci, E., & Giovannini, M. (2011) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00417.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Comorbid Trajectories of Tobacco and Marijuana Use as Related to Psychological Outcomes
Brook, J. S., Lee, J. Y., Brown, E. N., & Finch, S. J. (2012) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2011.640202 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Jackson KM, Sher KJ, Schulenberg JE.”
Background
Comparing growth trajectories of risk behaviors from late adolescence through young adulthood: An accelerated design.
Brodbeck, J., Bachmann, M., Croudace, T. J., & Brown, A. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030873 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Evidence for the course of cannabis use is inconsistent and ranges from stable high trajectories (Perkonigg et al., 2008) to U-shape curve (Chen & Jacobson, 2012; Lee et al., 2010) to a decrease (Jackson, Sher, & Schulenberg, 2008; Terry-McElrath & O’Malley, 2011).”
Background
Depressive symptoms, conduct problems, and risk for polysubstance use among adolescents: results from US national surveys
Maslowsky, J., Schulenberg, J. E., O’Malley, P. M., & Kloska, D. D. (2013) · Mental Health and Substance Use · doi:10.1080/17523281.2013.786750 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Adolescent Risk and Protective Factors Predicting Triple Trajectories of Substance Use from Adolescence into Adulthood
Lee, J. Y., Kim, W., Brook, J. S., Finch, S. J., & Brook, D. W. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01629-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Transitions in the use of multiple substances from adolescence to young adulthood
Merrin, G. J., Thompson, K., & Leadbeater, B. J. R. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.015 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Toward Increasing Engagement in Substance Use Data Collection: Development of the Substance Abuse Research Assistant App and Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial Using Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Rabbi, M., Philyaw-Kotov, M. L., Cunningham, R. M., Bonar, E. E., Nahum-Shani, I. B., Klasnja, P., Walton, M. A., & Murphy, S. A. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.9850 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Longitudinal panel studies show that, as youth develop, evolving interactions between individual, social, and community risk and protective factors can decrease or accelerate substance use trajectories [15-18].”
Risk factors for young adult substance use among women who were teenage mothers
Genna, N. M. D., Cornelius, M. D., & Donovan, J. E. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.12.014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The differential contributions of teen drinking homophily to new and existing friendships: An empirical assessment of assortative and proximity selection mechanisms
Cheadle, J. E., Stevens, M., Williams, D. T., & Goosby, B. J. (2013) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.05.001 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“, 2010) and is also correlated with alcohol use (Jackson et al., 2008).”
Pathways to change: Use trajectories following trauma-informed treatment of women with co-occurring post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders
López-Castro, T., Hu, M.-C., Papini, S., Ruglass, L., & Hien, D. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12230 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“The detection of three distinct subgroups (low risk/infrequent use, high risk/infrequent use and high risk/ frequent use) echoes findings from previous research that have modelled alcohol and substance use with LGMM techniques [34,36,37] and provides further confirmation of the presence of clinically significant subgr…”
Result
Gender Differences in the Developmental Risk of Onset of Alcohol, Nicotine, and Marijuana Use and the Effects of Nicotine and Marijuana Use on Alcohol Outcomes
Buu, A., Dabrowska, A., Mygrants, M., Puttler, L. I., Jester, J. M., & Zucker, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.850 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“ANATIONAL SURVEY FOUND that alcohol use is highly comorbid with nicotine use and marijuana use among young people (Jackson et al., 2008).”
Background
Non-daily smoking predicts hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorders in young adults in a longitudinal U.S. sample
Harrison, E. L. R., & McKee, S. A. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.022 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Research examining joint trajectories of smoking and drinking in young adults has either focused on college samples, or has not examined college status (Jackson et al., 2008).”
Background
Can Cannabis be Considered a Substitute Medication for Alcohol?
Subbaraman, M. S. (2014) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agt182 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Outcome Trajectories among Homeless Individuals with Mental Disorders in a Multisite Randomised Controlled Trial of Housing First
Adair, C. E., Streiner, D. L., Barnhart, R., Kopp, B. C., Veldhuizen, S., Patterson, M., Aubry, T., Lavoie, J. A. A., Sareen, J., LeBlanc, S. R., et al. (2016) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716645302 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ordering in alcohol and cannabis co-use: Impact on daily consumption and consequences
Gunn, R. L., Sokolovsky, A. W., Stevens, A. K., Metrik, J., WHITE, H. R., & Jackson, K. M. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108339 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“, 2006) and that heavier alcohol use is associated with more frequent cannabis use (Jackson et al., 2008; Terry-McElrath et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Associations of Couples’ Intimate Partner Violence in Young Adulthood and Substance Use: A Dyadic Approach
Low, S., Tiberio, S. S., Shortt, J., Capaldi, D., & Eddy, J. (2017) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000038 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Marijuana use trajectories among drug-using youth presenting to an urban emergency department: Violence and social influences
Walton, M. A., Epstein-Ngo, Q. M., Carter, P. M., Zimmerman, M. A., Blow, F. C., Buu, A., Goldstick, J. E., & Cunningham, R. M. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.040 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The baseline factor consistently associated with greater marijuana use trajectories was physical aggression, which is consistent with findings for externalizing behaviors (Brook et al., 2011; Chassin et al., 2004; Jackson et al., 2008; Schulenberg et al., 2005), likely due to shared risk and promotive factors (e.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Religiosity and Exposure to Users in Explaining Illicit Drug Use among Emerging Adults
Palamar, J. J., Kiang, M. V., & Halkitis, P. N. (2012) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-012-9660-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Religiosity, in many respects, can be seen as a proxy for conventionalism (Jackson et al. 2008); therefore, we need to explore novel prevention methods for such ‘‘nonconventional’’ individuals.”
Background
Trajectories of multiple adolescent health risk behaviors in a low-income African American population
Mustanski, B. S., Byck, G. R., Dymnicki, A. B., Sterrett, E., Henry, D. B., & Bolland, J. M. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000436 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Gender differences in the developmental trajectories of multiple substance use and the effect of nicotine and marijuana use on heavy drinking in a high-risk sample
Buu, A., Dabrowska, A., Heinze, J. E., Hsieh, H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.015 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Jackson et al. (2008) analyzed 4 waves of data spanning ages 18–26 from a nationally representative sample of high school seniors and found that heavy drinking, nicotine use, and marijuana use are highly associated during emerging adulthood.”
Background
Do Classes of Polysubstance Use in Adolescence Differentiate Growth in Substances Used in the Transition to Young Adulthood?
Merrin, G. J., & Leadbeater, B. J. R. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1455702 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Past research also shows differences in trajectory classes related to the co-use of two substances from adolescence to young adulthood (Cance, Talley, MorganLopez, & Fromme, 2017; Hix-Small et al., 2004; Jackson, Sher, & Schulenberg, 2005; Jackson et al., 2008).”
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Testing implementation support for evidence-based programs in community settings: a replication cluster-randomized trial of Getting To Outcomes®
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“Our research builds on the work of Jackson et al. (2008) in two important ways.”
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Teen Alcohol Use and Social Networks: The Contributions of Friend Influence and Friendship Selection
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“Because access may support alcohol use selectivity, whether alcohol is easy to get (observation 2) is measured from the question “Is alcohol easily available to you in your home?” Finally, whether the youth is a regular smoker (ever smoked at least one cigarette a day for at least 30 days) is a time-varying covariate…”
Background
Comorbid trajectories of substance use as predictors of Antisocial Personality Disorder, Major Depressive Episode, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Brook, J. S., Zhang, C., Rubenstone, E., Primack, B. A., & Brook, D. W. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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“This finding is consistent with trajectory studies of young adults (Jackson et al., 2008; Tucker et al., 2005).”
Result
Prevalence and correlates of alcohol and other substance use disorders in young adulthood: A population-based study
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“As substance use and the incidence of SUDs generally peak around this age [2,35], studying young adults captures most cases within a reasonably short period after disorder onset and minimizes complications arising from the course of the disorder.”
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“Moreover, there is a relationship between alcohol and marijuana use in adolescence, with alcohol use being most common and dual-use more common than marijuana use alone (Jackson et al. 2008; Pape et al. 2009).”
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A prospective study of stress and alcohol craving in heavy drinkers
Tartter, M. A., & Ray, L. A. (2012) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2012.03.007 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Moreover, studies have shown that it is normative for most young people to reduce their drinking after they transition out of their student role, while a minority goes on to develop alcohol problems (Jackson et al., 2008).”
Influential
Longitudinal Conjoint Patterns of Alcohol and Tobacco Use Throughout Emerging Adulthood
Cance, J. D., Talley, A. E., Morgan‐López, A. A., & Fromme, K. (2016) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1228677 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“However, a series of studies with a sample of 18 to 26 year olds found, using mixture modeling procedures, that patterns of heavy alcohol use and cigarette smoking were similar (Jackson et al., 2008) and drinking without smoking was more common than smoking without drinking (Jackson et al., 2009).”
Background
Understanding the Role of Alcohol, Anxiety, and Trait Mindfulness in the Perpetration of Physical and Sexual Dating Violence in Emerging Adults.
Ngo, Q. M., Ramirez, J. I., Stein, S. F., Cunningham, R. M., Chermack, S. T., Singh, V., & Walton, M. A. (2018) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801218781886 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Patrick, M. E., Kloska, D. D., Mehus, C. J., Terry‐McElrath, Y. M., O’Malley, P. M., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2021) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2021.82.93 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Rates of change in alcohol and marijuana use from late adolescence through mid-young adulthood have shown strong concordance (Jackson et al., 2008), but the degree to which alcohol and marijuana use are correlated at given ages from late adolescence to midlife is not known.”
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Two-part random effects growth modeling to identify risks associated with alcohol and cannabis initiation, initial average use and changes in drug consumption in a sample of adult, male twins
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Cobb, C. O., Soule, E. K., Rudy, A. K., Sutter, M. E., & Cohn, A. M. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1473437 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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The Behavioral Economics of Alcohol Demand in French and American University Students
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Concussion, Sensation-Seeking and Substance Use among Us Adolescents
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“, Monitoring The Future (13)], suggest their smoking patterns may be representative of those of White, lower SES American men, a group at high risk for smoking and smoking-related problems (14).”
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Trajectories of injecting behavior in the Amsterdam Cohort Study among drug users
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Post-High School Changes in Tobacco and Cannabis Use in the United States
O’Brien, F., Simons‐Morton, B. G., Chaurasia, A. K., Luk, J. W., Haynie, D. L., & Liu, D. (2017) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1322983 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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“Jackson, Sher, and Schulenberg (2008) discerned seven comorbid trajectory groups of tobacco and marijuana use (including abstainers) from late adolescence to young adulthood, and identified psychosocial factors, such as delinquency, which were related to trajectory group membership.”
A Systematic Review of the Effects of Perinatal Alcohol Exposure and Perinatal Marijuana Exposure on Adult Neurogenesis in the Dentate Gyrus
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“In contrast to other studies, we did not identify a group of youths who decreased in substance use levels or used at a consistently low level in the present study (Clark, Jones, Wood, & Cornelius, 2006; Connell et al., 2006; Jackson et al., 2008; Tucker et al., 2005; Windle & Wiesner, 2004).”
MethodResultInfluential
The Rate of Change in Alcohol Misuse Across Adolescence is Heritable
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Are changes in drinking related to changes in cannabis use among S wedish adolescents? A time–series analysis for the period 1989–2016
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Conjoint Developmental Trajectories of Young Adult Alcohol and Tobacco Use.
Jackson, K. M., Sher, K. J., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.612 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
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Gender differences in the developmental trajectories of multiple substance use and the effect of nicotine and marijuana use on heavy drinking in a high-risk sample
Buu, A., Dabrowska, A., Heinze, J. E., Hsieh, H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.015 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Longitudinal Conjoint Patterns of Alcohol and Tobacco Use Throughout Emerging Adulthood
Cance, J. D., Talley, A. E., Morgan‐López, A. A., & Fromme, K. (2016) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1228677 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Authors: Jackson, K. M., Sher, K. J., & Schulenberg, J. E.
Affiliations: Brown University (US)
Corresponding author: Jackson, Kristina M.
ORCID: Jackson, Kristina M.
Sher, Kenneth J.
Schulenberg, John E.
Venue: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2008-03-11
Volume: 32
Issue: 5
Pages: 723-737
ISSN: 0145-6008 (ISSN-L)
1530-0277
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00643.x
PMC: PMC2705997
OpenAlex: W2049130925
Cited by: 206
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 7.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA12383, K01AA013938, R21AA012383, AA13938, K05AA017242)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-01411, R01DA001411)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: substance use trajectories, comorbidities, emerging adulthood, heavy drinking, smoking, cannabis use, developmental transitions, delinquency, sensation seeking, alcohol expectancies, religiosity, risk factors, early onset of substance use
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Alcohol Drinking, Female, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Risk Factors, Smoking, Models, Statistical, Comorbidity

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Conjoint Developmental Trajectories of Young Adult Substance Use

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