The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
COPSE: A new model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time
Open accessAbstract
We present a new model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time. This work couples a feedback-based model of atmospheric O~2~ and ocean nutrients (Lenton and Watson, 2000a, 2000b) with a geochemical carbon cycle model (Berner, 1991, 1994), a simple sulfur cycle, and additional components. The resulting COPSE model (Carbon-Oxygen-Phosphorus-Sulfur-Evolution) represents the co-evolution of biotic and abiotic components of the Earth system, in that it couples interactive and evolving terrestrial and marine biota to geochemical and tectonic processes. The model is forced with geological and evolutionary forcings and time-dependent solar insolation. The baseline model succeeds in giving simultaneous predictions of atmospheric O~2~, CO~2~, global temperature, ocean composition, δ^13^C and δ^34^S that are in reasonable agreement with available data and suggested constraints. The behavior of the coupled model is qualitatively different to single cycle models. While atmospheric *p*CO~2~ (CO~2~ partial pressure) predictions are mostly determined by the model forcings and the response of silicate weathering rate to *p*CO~2~ and temperature, multiple negative feedback processes and coupling of the C, O, P and S cycles are necessary for regulating *p*O~2~ while allowing δ^13^C changes of sufficient amplitude to match the record. The results support a *p*O~2~ dependency of oxidative weathering of reduced carbon and sulfur, which raises early Paleozoic *p*O~2~ above the estimated requirement of Cambrian fauna and prevents unrealistically large δ^34^S variation. They do not support a strong anoxia dependency of the C:P burial ratio of marine organic matter (Van Cappellen and Ingall, 1994, 1996) because this dependency raises early Paleozoic δ^13^C and organic carbon burial rates too high. The dependency of terrestrial primary productivity on *p*O~2~ also contributes to oxygen regulation. An intermediate strength oxygen fire feedback on terrestrial biomass, which gives a *p*O~2~ upper limit of ∼1.6PAL (present atmospheric level) or 30 volume percent, provides the best combined *p*O~2~ and δ^13^C predictions. Sulfur cycle coupling contributes critically to lowering the Permo-Carboniferous *p*CO~2~ and temperature minimum. The results support an inverse dependency of pyrite sulfur burial on *p*O~2~ (for example, Berner and Canfield, 1989), which contributes to the shuttling of oxygen back and forth between carbonate carbon and gypsum sulfur. A *p*O~2~ dependency of photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation (Berner and others, 2000; Beerling and others, 2002) is important for producing sufficient magnitude of δ^13^C variation. However, our results do not support an oxygen dependency of sulfur isotope fractionation in pyrite formation (Berner and others, 2000) because it generates unrealistically small variations in δ^34^S. In the Early Paleozoic, COPSE predicts *p*O~2~=0.2--0.6PAL and *p*CO~2~\>10PAL, with high oceanic \[PO~4~^3-^\] and low \[SO~4~^=^\]. Land plant evolution caused a 'phase change' in the Earth system by increasing weathering rates and shifting some organic burial to land. This change resulted in a major drop in *p*CO~2~ to 3 to 4PAL and a rise in *p*O~2~ to ∼1.5PAL in the Permo-Carboniferous, with temperatures below present, ocean variables nearer present concentrations, and PO~4~:NO~3~ regulated closer to Redfield ratio. A second O~2~ peak of similar or slightly greater magnitude appears in the mid-Cretaceous, before a descent towards PAL. Mesozoic CO~2~ is in the range 3 to 7PAL, descending toward PAL in the Cretaceous and Cenozoic.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This follows the work of Garrels and Lerman 30 , Berner 12 and Bergman et al . 31 .”
From Possible links between extreme oxygen perturbations and the Cambrian radiation of animals (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“although the initial O 2 level may have been lower (approximately 5% in Bergman et al. COPSE model) (23, 24).”
From Pulse of atmospheric oxygen during the late Cambrian (2011) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This return to lower Δ 13 C likely indicates the role that fluctuations in atmospheric p CO 2 may also play in photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation (20, 21, 23, 26 -29).”
From Pulse of atmospheric oxygen during the late Cambrian (2011) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“The rise of oxygen to present levels simply required an increase in organic carbon burial rate, which may have begun in the Neoproterozoic Era10, but in our model was not completed until the mid-Palaeozoic Era with the colonization of the land by plants and fungi, liberating nutrient phosphorus from rocks and producing high C/P material for burial1113.”
From Atmospheric oxygen regulation at low Proterozoic levels by incomplete oxidative weathering of sedimentary organic carbon (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“The P weathering flux is partly tied to bulk silicate weathering, for example, due to the dissolution of apatite inclusions in silicate rocks, and the silicate weathering flux of alkalinity is in turn set by negative feedback in the longterm carbon cycle, so is ultimately controlled by the degassing input of CO2 on timescales ≥ 1 My (7, 10).”
From Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“The original baseline model (10) predicts early Paleozoic O2 ∼ 0.23 PAL at a reference time of 445 Ma, supported by an organic carbon burial flux of ∼ 4 × 10 12 mol · y -1 (about half the present-day value) with δ 13 C = 0.03 ‰ .”
From Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“In the original COPSE model (10), predicted NPP only reaches ∼ 5% of today ' s value in the Late Ordovician and Silurian, but when we assume a stronger Late Ordovician phase of land colonization by nonvascular plants (following ref. 20; SI Materials and Methods ), then COPSE predicts global NPP 30 -40% of today (Fig. 3 A ), consistent with the detailed spatial model.”
From Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“The COPSE model we adapt here (10) predicts Early Paleozoic pO2 ∼ 0.2 -0.5 PAL consistent with redox proxy data but, like the other models (7, 8), it does not predict a rise in oxygen until the advent of forests starting ∼ 385 Ma, and continuing until ∼ 300 Ma, which is too late to explain marked changes in geochemical data that occur before ∼ 390 Ma (Fig. 1).”
From Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“For the earliest land plants to be responsible for such a major mid-Paleozoic oxygenation event requires that they were much more productive and globally extensive than has been previously assumed (7, 10, 33).”
From Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species
Farquhar, G. D., von Caemmerer, S., & Berry, J. A. (1980) · Planta · doi:10.1007/bf00386231 · Cited by 8,796
Farquhar, G. D., O'leary, M. H., & Berry, J. A. (1982) · Australian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1071/pp9820121 · Cited by 3,934
87Sr/86Sr, δ13C and δ18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater
Veizer, J., Ala, D., Azmy, K., Bruckschen, P., Buhl, D., Bruhn, F., Carden, G. A. F., Diener, A., Ebneth, S., Godderis, Y., et al. (1999) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00081-9 · Cited by 2,694
Berner, R. A., Lasaga, A. C., & Garrels, R. M. (1983) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.283.7.641 · Cited by 2,428
A negative feedback mechanism for the long‐term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature
Walker, J. C. G., Hays, P. B., & Kasting, J. F. (1981) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · doi:10.1029/jc086ic10p09776 · Cited by 2,310
The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation
Claypool, G. E., Holser, W. T., Kaplan, I. R., Sakai, H., & Zak, I. (1980) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/0009-2541(80)90047-9 · Cited by 1,948
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years
Pearson, P. N., & Palmer, M. R. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35021000 · Cited by 1,771
GEOCARB II; a Revised Model of Atmospheric CO 2 Over Phanerozoic Time
Berner, R. A. (1994) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.294.1.56 · Cited by 1,713
McArthur, J. M., Howarth, R. J., & Bailey, T. R. (2001) · The Journal of Geology · doi:10.1086/319243 · Cited by 1,488
GEOCARB III: A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time
Berner, R. A. (2001) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.301.2.182 · Cited by 1,323
Flagged first, then by citations
9 of the 81 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- [7]7. ------1998, The carbon cycle and CO 2 over Phanerozoic time: the role of land plants: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences, v. 353, p. 75-82.
- [30]30. Friend, A. D., 1998, Appendix: Biochemical modelling of leaf photosynthesis, in Jarvis, P. G., editor, European forests and global change: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 335-346.
- [31]31. Friend, A. D., Kelloma ¨ki, S., and Kruijt, B., 1998, Modelling leaf, tree and forest responses to increasing atmospheric CO 2 and temperature, in Jarvis, P. G., editor, European forests and global change: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 293-334.
- [35]35. Garrels, R. M., and Perry, E. A., Jr., 1974, Cycling of carbon, sulfur, and oxygen through geologic time, The Sea: New York, Wiley, p. 303-336.
- [44]44. Holser, W. T., Schidlowski, M., Mackenzie, F. T., and Maynard, J. B., 1988, Geochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur, in Gregor, C. B., Garrels, R. M., Mackenzie, F. T., and Maynard, J. B., editors, Chemical cycles in the Evolution of the Earth: New York, Wiley-Interscience, p. 105-173.
- [56]56. Mook, W. G., 1986, 13 C in atmospheric CO 2 : Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, v. 20, p. 211-223.
- [79]79. Watson, A. J., ms, 1978, Consequences for the Biosphere of Forest and Grassland Fires, Department of Cybernetics: Ph.D. thesis, Reading, United Kingdom, University of Reading, p. 276.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 598
Payne, J. L., Jost, A. B., Wang, S. C., & Skotheim, J. M. (2012) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01807.x · Cited by 24
Schöllhorn, I., Adatte, T., Charbonnier, G., Mattioli, E., Spangenberg, J. E., & Föllmi, K. B. (2020) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2020.105665 · Cited by 23
Kasting, J. F., & Canfield, D. E. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118280874.ch7 · Cited by 24
Stordal, F., Svensen, H. H., Aarnes, I., & Roscher, M. (2017) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.01.045 · Cited by 25
Peatland wildfires in the Lower Cretaceous Damoguaihe Formation, Hailar Basin, Northeast China
Wang, Z., Xu, Y., Zhao, Q., Zhang, M., Li, W., Panchal, B. M., & Liu, B. (2023) · Cretaceous Research · doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105578 · Cited by 23
Assessing the potential of wildfires as a sustainable bioenergy opportunity
Verón, S. R., Jobbagy, E. G., Bella, C. M. D., Paruelo, J. M., & Jackson, R. B. (2012) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01181.x · Cited by 22
Middle Cretaceous pCO2 Variation in Yumen, Gansu Province and its Response to the Climate Events
Lei, X., Du, Z., Du, B., Zhang, M., & Sun, B. (2018) · Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition · doi:10.1111/1755-6724.13555 · Cited by 22
Baker, S. J., Belcher, C. M., Barclay, R. S., Hesselbo, S. P., Laurin, J., & Sageman, B. B. (2019) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b35097.1 · Cited by 22
Wei, W., & Algeo, T. J. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.01.033 · Cited by 23
Carpinteri, A., & Manuello, A. (2012) · Physical Mesomechanics · doi:10.1134/s1029959912010043 · Cited by 21
RetractedA biogeographic perspective on the evolution of fire syndromes in pine trees ( Pinus : Pinaceae)
Badik, K. J., Jahner, J. P., & Wilson, J. S. (2018) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.172412 · Cited by 22
Roylands, T., Hilton, R. G., Garnett, M. H., Soulet, G., Newton, J.-A., Peterkin, J. L., & Hancock, P. A. (2022) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121024 · Cited by 21
Hydraulics of Psilophyton and evolutionary trends in plant water transport after terrestrialization
Wilson, J. P. (2015) · Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology · doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.11.010 · Cited by 21
Driese, S. G., Medaris, L. G., Kirsimäe, K., Somelar, P., & Stinchcomb, G. E. (2018) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2018.02.020 · Cited by 21
Longbottom, T. L., & Hockaday, W. C. (2019) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-019-00559-4 · Cited by 21
Murthy, S., Mendhe, V. A., Kavali, P. S., & Singh, V. P. (2020) · Palaeoworld · doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.03.004 · Cited by 19
Yang, S., Hu, W., Wang, X., & Fan, J. (2021) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103682 · Cited by 20
Crustal carbonate build-up as a driver for Earth’s oxygenation
Alcott, L., Walton, C. R., Planavsky, N. J., Shorttle, O., & Mills, B. J. W. (2024) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-024-01417-1 · Cited by 22
A Novel Hypothesis for the Role of Photosynthetic Physiology in Shaping Macroevolutionary Patterns
Yiotis, C., & McElwain, J. C. (2019) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.19.00749 · Cited by 20
A timeline of bacterial and archaeal diversification in the ocean
Martínez-Gutiérrez, C. A., Uyeda, J. C., & Aylward, F. O. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88268 · Cited by 22
Ocean Redox State at 2500‒500 Ma: Modern Concepts
Maslov, A. V., & Podkovyrov, V. N. (2018) · Lithology and Mineral Resources · doi:10.1134/s0024490218030057 · Cited by 18
Bacon, K. L., Haworth, M., Conroy, E., & McElwain, J. C. (2015) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.12.006 · Cited by 19
Jin, P.-H., Dong, J., Wang, Z., Yuan, X.-C., Hua, Y., Du, B., & Sun, B. (2017) · Cretaceous Research · doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.022 · Cited by 18
The Diversification of Bryophytes and Vascular Plants in Evolving Terrestrial Environments
Proctor, M. C. F. (2013) · Advances in photosynthesis and respiration · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6988-5_4 · Cited by 18
Prince, J. K. G., Rainbird, R. H., & Wing, B. A. (2019) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g45464.1 · Cited by 19
Wang, W., Guan, C., Hu, Y., Cui, H., Muscente, A. D., Chen, L., & Zhou, C. (2019) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109417 · Cited by 18
Climate and geology – a Phanerozoic perspective
Vaughan, A. (2007) · The Geological Society of London on behalf of The Micropalaeontological Society eBooks · doi:10.1144/tms002.2 · Cited by 21
Zhang, H., Zheng, D., Wáng, B., Fang, Y., & Jarzembowski, E. A. (2012) · Chinese Science Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5567-3 · Cited by 18
Adiatma, Y., Saltzman, M. R., Young, S. A., Griffith, E. M., Kozik, N. P., Edwards, C. T., Leslie, S. A., & Bancroft, A. M. (2019) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109341 · Cited by 18
Earth: Atmospheric Evolution of a Habitable Planet
Olson, S. L., Schwieterman, E. W., Reinhard, C. T., & Lyons, T. W. (2018) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 18
Low atmospheric CO2 levels before the rise of forested ecosystems
Dahl, T. W., Harding, M. A. R., Brugger, J., Feulner, G., Norrman, K., Lomax, B. H., & Junium, C. K. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35085-9 · Cited by 19
Geographic range of plants drives long-term climate change
Gurung, K., Field, K. J., Batterman, S. A., Poulton, S. W., & Mills, B. J. W. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46105-1 · Cited by 17
An evaluation of the long‐wave radiative transfer code used in the Met Office Unified Model
Goldblatt, C., Lenton, T. M., & Watson, A. J. (2009) · Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society · doi:10.1002/qj.403 · Cited by 17
Estimation of carbon sinks in chemical weathering in a humid subtropical mountainous basin
Tao, Z., Gao, Q., Wang, Z., Zhang, S., Xie, C., Lin, P., Ruan, X., Li, S., & Mao, H. (2011) · Chinese Science Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s11434-010-4318-6 · Cited by 17
Jew, C. J., Wegner, N. C., Yanagitsuru, Y. R., Tresguerres, M., & Graham, J. B. (2013) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/ict034 · Cited by 17
Dynamic deep marine oxygenation during the Early and Middle Paleozoic
Ostrander, C. M., Clemente, J. N. R., Stockey, R., Strauss, J. V., Fraser, T. A., Nielsen, S. G., & Sperling, E. A. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw5878 · Cited by 16
What Models Tell Us About the Evolution of Carbon Sources and Sinks over the Phanerozoic
Goddéris, Y., Yannick Donnadieu, A., & Mills, B. J. W. (2023) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-092701 · Cited by 15
Synnott, D. P., Schwark, L., Dewing, K., Pedersen, P. K., & Sanei, H. (2021) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103515 · Cited by 17
Marine oxygenation, deoxygenation, and life during the Early Paleozoic: An overview
Zhang, J., Edwards, C. T., Diamond, C., Lyons, T. W., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110715 · Cited by 18
Metabolic origin of the fused aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase
Eswarappa, S. M., Potdar, A. A., Sahoo, S., Sankar, S., & Fox, P. L. (2018) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra118.004276 · Cited by 16
Late Early Cretaceous climate and p CO 2 estimates in the Liupanshan Basin, Northwest China
Du, B., Lei, X., Zhang, M., Wang, S., Li, A., Du, Z., & Xing, W. (2018) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.04.023 · Cited by 15
Modelling sulfate concentrations in the global ocean through Phanerozoic time
Krause, A. J., Shields, G., Newton, R. J., & Mills, B. J. W. (2024) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2023-184 · Cited by 16
Marine sulphate captures a Paleozoic transition to a modern terrestrial weathering environment
Waldeck, A. R., Olson, H. C., Crockford, P. W., Couture, A. M., Cowie, B. R., Hodgin, E. B., Bergmann, K., Dewing, K., Grasby, S. E., Clark, R. J., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57282-y · Cited by 15
Diversity dynamics of Devonian terrestrial palynofloras from China: Regional and global significance
Shen, Z., Monnet, C., Cascales‐Miñana, B., Gong, Y., Dong, X., Kroeck, D. M., & Servais, T. (2019) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102967 · Cited by 15
Cannell, A., Blamey, N., Brand, U., Escapa, I., & Large, R. (2022) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104062 · Cited by 14
Silencing, Positive Selection and Parallel Evolution: Busy History of Primate Cytochromes c
Pierron, D., Opazo, J. C., Heiske, M., Papper, Z., Uddin, M., Chand, G., Wildman, D. E., Romero, R. J., Goodman, M., & Grossman, L. I. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026269 · Cited by 15
Jiao, S. Q., Zhang, H., Cai, Y.-F., Jin, C., & Shen, S. (2024) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112152 · Cited by 14
Global redox cycle of biospheric carbon: Interaction of photosynthesis and earth crust processes
Ivlev, A. A. (2015) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.10.001 · Cited by 14
Robinson, T. D. (2005) · University of Arizona Press eBooks · doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816540068-ch015 · Cited by 21
Eguchi, J., Diamond, C., & Lyons, T. W. (2022) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac036 · Cited by 14
Doughty, C. E., Taylor, L. L., Girardin, C. A. J., Malhi, Y. S., & Beerling, D. J. (2014) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2013gl058737 · Cited by 14
Tanner, L. H., & Lucas, S. G. (2016) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.08.034 · Cited by 14
Cybertectonic Earth and Gaia's weak hand: sedimentary geology, sediment cycling and the Earth system
LEEDER, M. R. (2007) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/0016-76492006-074 · Cited by 14
Phanerozoic icehouse climates as the result of multiple solid-Earth cooling mechanisms
Merdith, A., Gernon, T., Maffre, P., Yannick Donnadieu, A., Goddéris, Y., Longman, J., Müller, R. D., & Mills, B. J. W. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adm9798 · Cited by 13
Brault, M.-O., Matthews, H. D., & Mysak, L. A. (2017) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-8-455-2017 · Cited by 13
Rajak, P. K., Singh, V. K., & Singh, P. K. (2019) · Journal of the Geological Society of India · doi:10.1007/s12594-019-1213-x · Cited by 13
Simulating the long-term carbon cycle in the Phanerozoic: Current status and future developments
Zhang, Y., Benjamin, J. W. M., He, T., Yang, T., & Zhu, M. (2022) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2022-0813 · Cited by 13
Regional synthesis of the Ordovician geology and stratigraphy of China
Zhang, Y., Zhan, R., Zhen, Y. Y., Wang, W., Liang, Y., Fang, X. M., Wu, R., Yan, K., Zhang, J., & Li, W. (2022) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp533-2022-128 · Cited by 13
Roberts, C. D., & Tripati, A. (2009) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2008gb003310 · Cited by 13
Yiotis, C., Evans-Fitz.Gerald, C., & McElwain, J. (2017) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcx018 · Cited by 11
Sun, C., Tan, X., Dilcher, D. L., Wang, H., Na, Y., Li, T., & Li, Y. (2018) · Palaeoworld · doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2018.09.005 · Cited by 13
Evenick, J. C. (2019) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.08.037 · Cited by 13
Hoysted, G. A., Kowal, J., Pressel, S., Duckett, J. G., Bidartondo, M. I., & Field, K. J. (2021) · Mycorrhiza · doi:10.1007/s00572-021-01033-6 · Cited by 13
Ocean acidification at the Toarcian Anoxic Event captured by boron isotopes in the lime mud record
Kasemann, S. A., Klein, T., Boyle, R. A., Ullmann, C. V., Aberhan, M., Meixner, A., Duarte, L. V., Lenton, T. M., Piazza, V., & Wood, R. A. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02510-y · Cited by 12
On the use of models in understanding the rise of complex life
Lenton, T. M. (2020) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2020.0018 · Cited by 12
The Impact of Life on Climate Stabilization Over Different Timescales
Höning, D. (2020) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2020gc009105 · Cited by 11
Ozaki, K., Cole, D. B., Reinhard, C. T., & Tajika, E. (2022) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-15-7593-2022 · Cited by 14
Life's a beach – the colonization of the terrestrial environment
Plackett, A. R. G., & Coates, J. C. (2016) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.14295 · Cited by 12
Trophic and tectonic limits to the global increase of marine invertebrate diversity
Cermeño, P., Benton, M. J., Paz, Ó., & Vérard, C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16257-w · Cited by 12
Wildfires in the Triassic of Gondwana Paraná Basin
Cardoso, D. D. S., Mizusaki, A. M. P., Guerra-Sommer, M., Menegat, R., Barili, R., Jasper, A., & Uhl, D. (2018) · Journal of South American Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2017.12.018 · Cited by 12
A tale of two eras: Phytoplankton composition influenced by oceanic paleochemistry
Giordano, M., Olivieri, C., Ratti, S., Norici, A., Raven, J. A., & Knoll, A. H. (2018) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12290 · Cited by 12
Bioturbation has a limited effect on phosphorus burial in salt marsh sediments
van de Velde, S., James, R. K., Callebaut, I., Hidalgo‐Martinez, S., & Meysman, F. J. R. (2021) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-18-1451-2021 · Cited by 12
Lei, Y., Cao, H., Wang, X., Zhang, D., Wang, W., & Guo, X. (2022) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111083 · Cited by 11
A synthesis of the Cretaceous wildfire record related to atmospheric oxygen levels?
Lü, D.-W., Du, W., Zhang, Z., Gao, Y., Wang, T., Xu, J., Zhang, A., & Wang, C. (2023) · Journal of Palaeogeography · doi:10.1016/j.jop.2023.10.001 · Cited by 11
Model based Paleozoic atmospheric oxygen estimates: a revisit to GEOCARBSULF
Zhang, S., Planavsky, N. J., Krause, A. J., Bolton, E. W., & Mills, B. J. W. (2018) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/05.2018.05 · Cited by 11
Heterogeneous sulfide reoxidation buffered oxygen release in the Ediacaran Shuram ocean
Shi, W., Mills, B. J. W., Algeo, T. J., Poulton, S. W., Newton, R. J., Dodd, M. S., Zhang, Z., Zheng, L., He, T., Hou, M., et al. (2023) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.07.018 · Cited by 10
Exploring Neoproterozoic climate and biogeochemical evolution in the SCION model
Mills, B. J. W., Hir, G. L., Merdith, A., Gurung, K., Bowyer, F. T., Krause, A. J., Sánchez‐Baracaldo, P., Hunter, S. J., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.104791 · Cited by 12
Mosseichik, Y. V., & Ruban, D. A. (2010) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.041 · Cited by 10
Bartiromo, A., Graziano, R., Raspini, A., & Bravi, S. (2019) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2019.04.010 · Cited by 9
Scott, A. C. (2021) · Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology · doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104540 · Cited by 10
Minimum levels of atmospheric oxygen from fossil tree roots imply new plant−oxygen feedback
Sønderholm, F., & Bjerrum, C. J. (2021) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12435 · Cited by 10
Thompson, J. B., Ramírez‐Barahona, S., Priest, N. K., & Hernández‐Hernández, T. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.541957 · Cited by 9
Li, Z., Lenton, T. M., Zhang, F., Chen, Z., & Daines, S. J. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59038-0 · Cited by 9
Repeated occurrences of marine anoxia under high atmospheric O 2 and icehouse conditions
Chen, J., Li, S., Zhang, S., Isson, T. T., Dahl, T. W., Planavsky, N. J., Zhang, F., Wang, X., Shen, S., & Montañez, I. P. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2420505122 · Cited by 10
Shared patterns in body size declines among crinoids during the Palaeozoic extinction events
Salamon, M. A., Brachaniec, T., Kołbuk, D., Saha, A., & Gorzelak, P. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99789-6 · Cited by 10
Hunt, J. R., & Young, G. C. (2012) · Australian Journal of Earth Sciences · doi:10.1080/08120099.2012.625447 · Cited by 9
Mays, C., & Cantrill, D. J. (2018) · Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology · doi:10.1080/03115518.2017.1417478 · Cited by 9
黄, 建., 刘, 晓., 何, 永., 沈, 树., 侯, 增., 李, 曙., 李, 昶., 姚, 丽., & 黄, 季. (2021) · SCIENTIA SINICA Terrae · doi:10.1360/n072020-0399 · Cited by 8
Soreghan, G. S., & Cohen, A. S. (2013) · Scientific Drilling · doi:10.5194/sd-16-63-2013 · Cited by 9
A Capacitor‐Discharge Mechanism to Explain the Timing of Orogeny‐Related Global Glaciations
Joshi, M., Mills, B. J. W., & Johnson, M. T. (2019) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2019gl083368 · Cited by 9
Moore, E. K., Li, J., Zhang, A., Hao, J., Morrison, S. M., Hummer, D. R., & Yee, N. (2024) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2023gc011267 · Cited by 8
Enhanced phosphorus weathering contributed to Late Miocene cooling
Zhong, Y., Li, Z., Shi, X., Isson, T. T., Yu, J., Kender, S., Liang, Z. R., Swann, G. E. A., Pullen, A., Weber, M. E., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56477-7 · Cited by 8
Fu, F., Zou, C., Zhao, Z., Pan, S., Wang, W., Luo, C., Hua, G., Lu, G., Yuan, M., Yin, J., et al. (2025) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2025.107438 · Cited by 8
Late Paleozoic climate transition from a long-term carbon cycle modeling perspective
Marcilly, C. M., Torsvik, T. H., & Jones, M. T. (2025) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.104984 · Cited by 8
Carbon Cycle Responses to Changes in Weathering and the Long‐Term Fate of Stable Carbon Isotopes
Jeltsch‐Thömmes, A., & Joos, F. (2023) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2022pa004577 · Cited by 9
Fire in the Carboniferous earth system
Scott, A. C. (2024) · Evolving Earth · doi:10.1016/j.eve.2024.100044 · Cited by 8
The response of Phanerozoic surface temperature to variations in atmospheric oxygen concentration
Payne, R. C., Britt, A. V., Chen, H., Kasting, J. F., & Catling, D. C. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/2016jd025459 · Cited by 8
Mechanistic Links Between the Sedimentary Redox Cycle and Marine Acid‐Base Chemistry
Reinhard, C. T., & Fischer, W. W. (2019) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2019gc008621 · Cited by 7
Ramesh, R., & Elango, L. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-12257-y · Cited by 8
Geological evidences and mechanisms for oceanic anoxic events during the Early Paleozoic
Zhang, J., Li, C., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2021-0535 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Bergman, N. M.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bergman, N. M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Science
- Publisher
- American Journal of Science (AJS)
- Published
- 2004-05-01
- Volume
- 304
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 397-437
- ISSN
- 0002-9599 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2140479142
- Cited by
- 599
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 11.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Science (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Keywords
- atmospheric oxygen evolution, carbon cycle, sulfur cycling, phosphorus cycling, silicate weathering, organic carbon burial, carbon isotope stratigraphy, global temperature, paleoceanography, anoxia, Cambrian fauna, Permo-Carboniferous
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
