Metacognitive awareness and emotional resilience in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background: This study explored the metacognitive awareness and emotional resilience levels of children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n=60) with typically developing children (n=30). Methods: Measures included Metacognitive Awareness Inventory and Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents filled out by participants, the List of Adverse Life Events, Turgay DSM-IV-Based Disruptive Behavior Disorders Scale, and Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale—Parent Form filled out by parents. Results: Metacognitive awareness and emotional resilience were found to be low in the children with ADHD. Emotional resilience increases as metacognitive awareness increases. Metacognitive awareness decreased in the presence of heightened ADHD, anxiety, and/or depression symptoms expressed by the parents' questionnaires (p < 0.001, r = −0.438; p < 0.001, r = −0.403; and p < 0.001, r = −0.421). Conclusions: Findings identified that metacognitive skills and emotional resilience are affected in ADHD.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The findings on ACT improving health-promoting lifestyle are consistent with some other studies (15, 16).
“این یافتهها با نتایج برخی مطالعات دیگر ( همس او بود 15 ، 16 ).”
From The Effectiveness of Treatment Based on Acceptance and Commitment to the Health-Enhancing Lifestyle and Emotional Distress of Women Undergoing Infertility Treatment with in Vitro Fertilization (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
The Methods and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) describe a case-control study of metacognitive awareness and emotional resilience in children with ADHD. Our copy does not address ACT or its effect on health-promoting lifestyle; searches for those terms found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
KAUFMAN, J., BIRMAHER, B., BRENT, D., RAO, U., FLYNN, C., MORECI, P., WILLIAMSON, D., & RYAN, N. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021 · Cited by 10,148 · see citing works
A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30
Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00147-5 · Cited by 1,396 · see citing works
Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence.
Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.2.275 · Cited by 1,221 · see citing works
Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence
Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.2.275 · Cited by 1,221 · see citing works
Meta-Cognition and worry: A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder
Wells, A. (1995) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465800015897 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Gould, M. S., Kasen, S., Brown, J., & Brook, J. S. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.8.741 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
An empirical test of a clinical metacognitive model of rumination and depression
Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023962332399 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Measures of Children's Knowledge and Regulation of Cognition
Sperling, R. A., Howard, B. C., Miller, L. A., & Murphy, C. (2002) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.2001.1091 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Metacognitive beliefs about rumination in recurrent major depression
Papageorgiou, C., & Adrian Wells, A. (2001) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(01)80021-3 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Wells, A. (2005) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-005-1652-0 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Ebesutani, C. K., Bernstein, A., Nakamura, B. J., Chorpita, B. F., & Weisz, J. R. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9363-8 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Relationship Between Specific Adverse Life Events and Psychiatric Disorders
Tiêt, Q. Q., Bird, H., Hoven, C. W., Moore, R., Wu, P., Wicks, J., Jensen, P. S., Goodman, S., & Cohen, P. R. (2001) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1005288130494 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Ercan, E. S., Polanczyk, G. V., Ardıç, Ü. A., Yüce, D., Karaçetin, G., Tufan, A. E., Tural, Ü., Aksu, H., Aktepe, E., Arman, A. R., et al. (2019) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2019.1574892 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Görmez, V., Kılınçaslan, A., Ebesutani, C. K., Örengül, A. C., Kaya, İ., Çeri, V., Nasıroğlu, S., Filiz, M., & Chorpita, B. F. (2017) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-017-0716-1 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Metacognition and substance use
Toneatto, T. (1999) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00126-9 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Metacognitive Beliefs and Processes in Clinical Anxiety in Children
Smith, K. E., & Hudson, J. L. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.755925 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Metacognitive executive function training for young children with ADHD: a proof-of-concept study
Tamm, L., & Nakonezny, P. A. (2015) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0162-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Metacognition in Early Childhood: Fertile Ground to Understand Memory Development?
Geurten, M., & Willems, S. J. (2016) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12201 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Adverse life events and mental health in middle adolescence
Flouri, E., & Kallis, C. (2010) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.04.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Metacognitive knowledge of attention in children with and without ADHD symptoms
Pezzica, S., Vezzani, C., & Pinto, G. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.08.005 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Capodieci, A., Re, A. M., Fracca, A., Borella, E., & Carretti, B. (2019) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2019.1651827 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Using Metacognitive Methods to Examine Emotion Recognition in Children With ADHD
Basile, A. G., Toplak, M. E., & Andrade, B. F. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718808602 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Duygusal Yılmazlık Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması
Kurtoğlu, G., & Doğan, S. (2016) · FSM İlmî Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.16947/fsmia.281701 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Depression and anxiety levels of children and adolescents with ADHD
Karaman, D., Türker, T., Kara, K., Durukan, İ., & Fidancı, M. K. (2013) · Gulhane Medical Journal · doi:10.5455/gulhane.15509 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- [2]Flavell JH Development of children’s knowledge about the mental world. W. W. Hartup ve R. K. Silberesien, (Ed.), In Growing Points in Developmental Science NY Psychology Press ISSBD Publi-cation 2002
- [8]Bernard M Pires D Emotional resilience in children and adolescence: implications for rational-emotive behavior therapy Ellis A. Bernard ME. In Rational Emotive Behavioral Approaches To Childhood Disorders: Theory, Practice And Research NY Springer 2006
- [11]Vohs KD Baumeister RF Understanding self-regulation: An introduction Baumeister RF. Vohs KD. In Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory and Applications (pp.1–9) New York Guilford Press 2004
- [25]Kurtoğlu G Doğan S Adaptation of Emotional Resilience Scale to Turkish: Reliability and Validity Study FSM Scholarly Studies Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2016 8 223 39
- [33]Makris HP Educational resilience: mediating factors of adolescents. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation) The University of Chicago Illinios 1999
- [34]Karaman D Türker T Kara K Durukan İ Fidancı MK Depression and anxiety levels in children with ADHD Gülhane Medical Journal 2013 55 36 41 (In Turkish)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Li, S., Jia, X., Zhao, Y., Ni, Y., Xu, L., & Li, Y. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02457-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Özkan, Y., Öztürk, M., Tvrtkovic, S., Aydın, O., & Ünal-Aydın, P. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108169 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dentz, A., Martin-Söelch, C., Fahim, C., Torsello, A., Parent, V., Ponsioen, A., Guay, M., Bioulac, S., Clément, C., Bader, M., et al. (2024) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2023.04.010 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Rezapour, T., McLean, K. L., Psederska, E., Chokshi, S. K., Maleki, K. N., Ekhtiari, H., & Vassileva, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1655909 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Özyurt, G., Tanıgör, E. K., Buran, B. Ş., Öztürk, Y., Tufan, A. E., & Akay, A. P. (2024) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2024.2358239 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Alotaibi, A. S. (2024) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-024-09384-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhu, Z., Yu, J., & Luo, Y. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790697 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tüfekçioğlu, E., Arslan, D., Konukman, F., Zagorski, T., Batti, T. A., Filiz, B., Sulaimani, M. F., Keating, I. E., Erzeybek, M. S., & Yilmaz, E. B. (2023) · Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research · doi:10.2478/pcssr-2023-0009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cheung, Y. C. H., Kang, M.-Y., & Wong, D. F. K. (2026) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02947-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zohre Vandi, Z., Babakhani, N., & Taheri, A. (2025) · Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences · doi:10.61186/jams.28.1.9
Metacognitive skills and working memory in children with ADHD and the ICTs’ Role
Anastasiadou, E., & Michalopoulou, V. (2023) · World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences · doi:10.30574/wjaets.2023.9.2.0239
Priya, V. B., & Savitha, N. (2024) · International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering · doi:10.22399/ijcesen.710 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Macht, A., Holt, L. J., & Stimulant Norms and Prevalence 3 (SNAP3) Study Team (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251369679
Toksoy, Z. E., Ekıncı, O., Gamlı, İ. S., Karakuş, O. B., Kocabaş, Ş., & Adak, İ. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70101 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ünver, H., Rodopman Arman, A., & Nur Akpunar, Ş.
- Affiliations
- Marmara University (TR)
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Istanbul , Turkey
- Marmara University School of Medicine , Istanbul , Turkey .
- Corresponding author
- Ünver, Hatice
- ORCID
- Ünver, Hatice
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2022-01-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-39
- ISSN
- 2245-8875 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9204392
- OpenAlex
- W4285246362
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Dspace Repository (Marmara Üniversitesi) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, metacognitive awareness, psychological resilience, children, anxiety, depression, disruptive behavior disorders, life events, parent-reported symptoms
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
