Heat Exposure, Cardiovascular Stress and Work Productivity in Rice Harvesters in India: Implications for a Climate Change Future
Open accessAbstract
Excessive workplace heat exposures create well-known risks of heat stroke, and it limits the workers' capacity to sustain physical activity. There is very limited evidence available on how these effects reduce work productivity, while the quantitative relationship between heat and work productivity is an essential basis for climate change impact assessments. We measured hourly heat exposure in rice fields in West Bengal and recorded perceived health problems via interviews of 124 rice harvesters. In a sub-group (n = 48) heart rate was recorded every minute in a standard work situation. Work productivity was recorded as hourly rice bundle collection output. The hourly heat levels (WBGT = Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) were 26-32°C (at air temperatures of 30-38°C), exceeding international standards. Most workers reported exhaustion and pain during work on hot days. Heart rate recovered quickly at low heat, but more slowly at high heat, indicating cardiovascular strain. The hourly number of rice bundles collected was significantly reduced at WBGT>26°C (approximately 5% per°C of increased WBGT). We conclude that high heat exposure in agriculture caused heat strain and reduced work productivity. This reduction will be exacerbated by climate change and may undermine the local economy.
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An important advantage with WBGT as an occupational heat stress index in climate change impact assessments is the availability of a small number of occupational epidemiology studies of heat stress on work capacity loss that was assessed and associated with WBGT levels.
“An important advantage with WBGT as an occupational heat stress index in climate change impact assessments, is the availability of a small number of occupational epidemiology studies of heat stress on work capacity loss that was assessed and associated with WBGT levels (Wyndham 1969; Sahu et al. 2013).”
From Occupational heat stress assessment and protective strategies in the context of climate change (2018) · cites this paper as Sahu et al. 2013
Only three studies have explored exposure-response functions relating performance loss to heat stress in people carrying out their usual daily work, all showing increasing levels of productivity loss with increased heat stress.
“Only three studies have explored these functions in studies of people carrying out their usual daily work, all showing increasing levels of productivity loss with increased heat stress (59,70,88).”
From Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts (2016) · cites this paper as [70]
The WBGT was designed to represent heat effects on working people and has been used as a heat exposure index in the few occupational epidemiology studies available and more generally in studies of occupational health.
“The WBGT was designed to represent heat effects on working people and has been used as a heat exposure index in the few occupational epidemiology studies available (59,70,88) and more generally in studies of occupational health.”
From Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts (2016) · cites this paper as [70]
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- Authors
- SAHU, S., SETT, M., & KJELLSTROM, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Kalyani (IN)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Venue
- Industrial Health
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 424-431
- ISSN
- 0019-8366 (ISSN-L)
- 1880-8026
- OpenAlex
- W2131079692
- Semantic Scholar
- c6b15342c7ec2d7a363dc34fca4323a943379b17
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11
- FWCI
- 5.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Industrial Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian National University
- University of Kalyani
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Agriculture and Farm Safety
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
- Keywords
- heat exposure, labor productivity, rice harvesters, agricultural labor, cardiovascular strain, heart rate recovery, wet bulb globe temperature, heat strain, climate change impacts, occupational heat stress, West Bengal
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Agriculture, Efficiency, Fatigue, Heart Rate, Hot Temperature, Humans, India, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Physiological, Occupational Exposure, Young Adult, Climate Change, Musculoskeletal Pain
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