The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 65 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Staring Back at the Surveillance Gaze: The Resistance of LGBTQ+ Users on Social Media
Open accessAbstract
Digital platforms and social media shape social, economic, and political life, making participation almost unavoidable (Van Dijck, Poell, and De Waal 2018; Steinberg 2019). This platformization, driven by datafication, records and commodifies user activity for corporate profit (West 2019). While users perceive their engagement as private, they present a public persona that is subject to commercial and political surveillance (Baym and boyd 2012; Zuboff 2015). LGBTQ+ users face a paradox: social media is crucial for identity formation, community building, and self-expression (Robards et al. 2019), yet they encounter intensified algorithmic surveillance through content moderation tactics such as shadowbanning, demonetization, and account suspension (Are 2022; Bivens and Haimson 2016; Gillespie 2022). This study examines how LGBTQ+ users in Montréal and Berlin navigate platform regulations and resist algorithmic oppression via qualitative interviews with cultural producers, activists, and performers. Findings reveal two central themes: being seen and looking back. LGBTQ+ users are keenly aware of surveillance, exemplified by Astra, a Berlin-based activist, whose account was deleted after managing a queer collective’s social media. Confronted with inevitable monitoring, users adopt strategies like creating backup accounts, using alternative promotional methods, and deliberately defying censorship. This resistance is taxing; Sasha Kills, a Berlin-based drag artist, notes: “We don’t have a choice, and it is really unfair.” The research deepens data‑justice discussions by showing that resistance is not merely emergent but a mandatory practice for LGBTQ+ users in digital spaces. Ignoring surveillance jeopardizes their ability to benefit from platform affordances. In an era of platformization and the growing co‑optation of social structures, being excluded from platforms is a risk they cannot afford.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This qualitative study examines how LGBTQ+ cultural producers in Montréal and Berlin experience and resist algorithmic surveillance on social media, arguing that resistance is a mandatory, taxing condition of platform presence rather than an optional or aspirational act. It finds that users are acutely aware of being seen and develop strategies to look back, from backup accounts to deliberate defiance.
Key findings
- Across 24 interviews, participants described surveillance as expected and ongoing: the question was not whether discrimination would happen but when. Astra, a Berlin-based trans-masculine sex-worker and advocate, saw a collective account with roughly 20,000 followers suspended and lost his own four-year Instagram account; Sasha Kills, a Berlin drag artist, reported decreased engagement after putting their gender identity on Instagram and concluded they were shadowbanned.
- Resistance strategies included creating backup accounts, developing alternative promotional and client-contact methods, avoiding political content and queer lingo, pre-checking posts through Instagram marketing tools, and setting limits on compliance. Some participants deliberately defied censorship, such as Fred Pokes refusing to hide a mastectomy scar and Jaqqstrap expressing pride when transgressive content was removed.
- Resistance was described as affectively taxing and unevenly distributed. Sasha Kills said, “We don’t have a choice, and it is really unfair,” and participants contrasted their constant self-monitoring with straight and cis users who “can have fun on social media.”
- The paper argues that data justice scholarship should account for existing, mandatory resistance by marginalized users, rather than treating users as passive or resistance as aspirational.
Methods
- The study draws on 24 semi-structured qualitative interviews conducted in Montréal and Berlin between October 2023 and July 2024 with LGBTQ+ cultural producers, including tattoo artists, visual artists, activists, influencers, and drag performers.
- Recruitment occurred via Instagram and Facebook posts in relevant LGBTQ+ groups in both cities, supplemented by snowball sampling through the researcher’s active participation in each queer scene. Participants chose how to be identified: pseudonym, actual name, or artist name.
- Interview data were analyzed with grounded theory through an iterative coding process, using an inductive approach and mixed/experimental coding. The comparative two-city framework examines transnational queer digital experiences while acknowledging local vernacular knowledge production.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section. It states an aim to decentralize Europe and North America as generalizable case studies and to avoid speaking of end users monolithically, but it does not formally list limitations.
- Evident from the text: the sample is limited to 24 LGBTQ+ cultural producers in Montréal and Berlin, so findings may not represent all LGBTQ+ users or other geographic contexts.
- Evident from the text: the analysis relies on self-reported experiences and participants’ folk theorization of algorithms, with no platform-side moderation data; recruitment through Instagram/Facebook and the researcher’s scene participation may also shape the sample.
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Claims the paper makes
46 Own result · 45 Own interpretation · 36 Sources not found · 23 No basis given · 9 Not checked yet · 2 Supported · 1 No full text of the sources
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings reveal two central themes: being seen and looking back.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LGBTQ+ users are keenly aware of surveillance, exemplified by Astra, a Berlin-based activist, whose account was deleted after managing a queer collective's social media.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For many participants, the question is not if discrimination will happen but when.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“His behaviour online was permanently impacted by this heightened sense of visibility, as Astra realized that queer expressions on platforms like Instagram were targeted and punished.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, they remain constantly aware of this surveillance gaze.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this context, we can see why Jaqqstrap, although they were not surprised to have content suspended or removed from Instagram, was actually proud of it.When I asked them why, they told me that it means that their content was transgressive, was pushing against the norms of how gender gets to be performed on social media.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Astra, a trans-masculine sex-worker and advocate in Berlin, described how the sex-workers collective he managed, which was used to promote events and communicate with its roughly 20,000 followers, was suspended from Instagram despite careful compliance (e.g., blurring explicit body parts, avoiding specific sex-work terminology).”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seth, a queer artist from Montréal, discussed multiple online behaviours that they would either accept to perform or not, based on what they perceived is expected from users, which is contrasted with what they are comfortable sharing publicly online”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LGBTQ+ users feel targeted and surveilled by the social media platforms they use, whether through actual content moderation decisions or anticipated ones.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this instance, Astra felt particularly visible because of his identity as a trans-user and his profession as a sex worker.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Harpy, in Berlin, is now trying to post as little skin as possible so her content cannot be labelled as sexually explicit by the platform.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, they use this knowledge to look back at, and to resist, data-driven surveillance by channelling their knowledge to build their own repertoire of actions.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“KT, a Berlin-based writer and editor, developed multiple strategies to shape her experience of social media as a queer woman”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants also told me that they were giving up, letting go of trying to do something against platforms' discriminatory regulations.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Throughout the interviews, there was a consistent shared knowledge, across these users, of being seen in ways that are often incompatible with the way they wish to express themselves.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During my interviewing process, this clearly manifested in the fact that almost all the participants, through personal experiences, had already thought about social media's targeting of queer content.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, Sasha encountered surveillance through simply using Instagram's "inclusive" features.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This surveillance is expected by LGBTQ+ users as an integral part of how they need to navigate social media spaces.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across participants, there were shared feelings of exhaustion and frustration towards the work of managing your online presence against the threat of surveillance.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants felt like they are part of an unfair bargain, where they cannot simply focus on their main occupation, be it tattooing, drag shows, or advocacy.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For users on the margins, dealing with these discriminatory conditions requires them to develop their own terminologies to assess their condition.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Through these theorizations, marginalized users are able to experiment with the content they share, allowing them to attempt to redress and control their fluctuating visibility (Duffy and Meisner 2023).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Duffy and Meisner 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research deepens data-justice discussions by showing that resistance is not merely emergent but a mandatory practice for LGBTQ+ users in digital spaces.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Platforms and social media are ubiquitous in social, economic, and political life.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, data capitalism sets the conditions for new systems of manipulation, surveillance, and oppression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Data capitalism sets the conditions for new systems of manipulation, surveillance, and oppression.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, users redefine how to express themselves through the affordances of the platform.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These vague policies often affect queer and trans users, who experience extensive content removal even when respecting a platform's guidelines (Haimson et al. 2021;Mayworm, Albert, and Haimson 2024).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Haimson et al. 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mayworm, Albert, and Haimson 2024 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Opting out is not an option because of the co-optation of our social lives for data mining purposes.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: End users are left with little autonomy and agency regarding their participation in the platform economy.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Historically marginalized communities, along a spectrum of race, socioeconomic backgrounds, and sexual and gender identities, often have to come face-to-face with these mechanisms.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, LGBTQ+ users have demonstrated the potential of repurposing digital affordances for their needs, particularly in developing ways to express their identities on their own terms (Duguay 2022).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Duguay 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Platforms' algorithmic sorting, filtering, and AI-driven content moderation can also constrain and render minority identities invisible (Byron 2019;Monea 2022).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Byron 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Monea 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The platform features made available affect how users are able to express themselves, for whom and when.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Default publicness mediated by private companies also has structural impacts as it shapes what is considered acceptable in the digital public sphere.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ignoring surveillance jeopardizes their ability to benefit from platform affordances.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Platforms and social media are ubiquitous in social, economic, and political life.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“This is often done through folktheorization (DeVito 2021) about moderation mechanisms or through algorithmic imaginaries (Bucher 2017), which are used to make sense of the role automated systems play in targeting their content.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DeVito 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Bucher 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Content moderation measures can be visible and announced to affected users, or they can remain unnoticed, such as when specific posts are rendered less visible.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“LGBTQ+ users face a paradox: social media is crucial for identity formation, community building, and self-expression ( Robards et al. 2019), yet they encounter intensified algorithmic surveillance through content moderation tactics such as shadowbanning, demonetization, and account suspension (Are 2022; Bivens and Haimson 2016; Gillespie 2022).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Are 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bivens and Haimson 2016 source
- Not matchedcites Gillespie 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Datafication and surveillance processes are often imagined to be subtle and difficult to discern, going unnoticed by the people being targeted by them.However, there are subsets of users who are acutely aware of their impacts.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“The implications of this authoritative stance are unevenly distributed among users, where certain social groups are marginalized, thereby putting them at more risk of direct and indirect punitive consequences (Are 2022).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Are 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The contributors to the edited volume Internet and Surveillance: The Challenges of Web 2.0 and Social Media (Fuchs 2012) warn us against a simplistic view of surveillance, where individuals are simply falling to more domination without any agency to speak back, yet it is clear that datafication under data capitalism reconfigures who can tap into this redistribution of power.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fuchs 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The discourse of platforms has also paved the way for the normalization and legitimization of data collection practices.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are multiple sites and groups of actors among which data surveillance structures are being negotiated.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Moreover, when discriminatory patterns are being addressed, it often adds more labour for those impacted by it because they are expected to identify and report these instances to the platforms themselves (Mowlabocus 2021).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mowlabocus 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, the processes of datafication and commodification associated with platformization emerge as constitutive elements of a new ideology of data capitalism.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within that discursive and material platform economy, end users are left with little autonomy and agency regarding their participation in the system.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: End users are left with little autonomy and agency regarding their participation in the platform economy.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In an era of platformization and the growing co-optation of social structures, being excluded from platforms is a risk they cannot afford.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Platforms and social media are ubiquitous in social, economic, and political life.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Indeed, datafication and surveillance are reinforcing structural discrimination patterns, such as racist biases circulating on search engines (Eubanks 2018;Noble 2018).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Eubanks 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Noble 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This information is then circulated through mechanisms such as algorithmic gossip (Bishop 2019), allowing others to learn about these issues and preemptively adapt their behaviours online.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bishop 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In light of this view, platformization redefines power structures along the lines of the potential usages of the data being collected (West 2019).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites West 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Privately held platforms have a vested interest in reshaping existing structures to suit their economic goals.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Therefore, underpinning platformization is a discursive mechanism that labels platforms as necessary and inevitable intermediaries of our social lives.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Steinberg 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Tarleton Gillespie (2018) has noted how platforms are increasingly imposing their own regulatory frameworks on public speech in accordance with local laws and regulations, as well as the suggestions of their company shareholders.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gillespie 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is uncertainty as to how surveillance on platforms might evolve, which makes LGBTQ+ users even more careful about how they use these tools.”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For LGBTQ+ social media users, the question is not whether they will be moderated against at some point, but rather when it is going to happen.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This reiterates the idea that surveillance through moderation targets queer users because of their identities (Haimson et al. 2021).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Haimson et al. 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using this knowledge is also a way for users to maintain a queer presence online that they deem important not just for themselves but also for their communities.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Navigating one's identity and sexuality is intertwined with having to develop and rely on vernacular knowledge about how platforms might restrain or restrict their content (Cotter 2021;Duffy and Meisner 2023).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cotter 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Duffy and Meisner 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Data justice discourse also moves away from discussing datafication and surveillance as a technological issue that could, theoretically, be solved by technological fixes.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dencik and Sanchez-Monedero 2022 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surveillance is thus not perceived as a potential threat that can be triggered by your content, but as an integral feature of social media platforms.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They are acutely aware of how they are being perceived and targeted by datafication mechanisms.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“For instance, queer tattoo artists, who often rely on social media platforms to advertise their work and organize their bookings, have realized that their content does better if, once in a while, they publish pictures of themselves on their accounts (Chartrand and Duguay 2025), even if they would rather just post finished tattoos and sketches for potential clients.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chartrand and Duguay 2025
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Anticipating discrimination culminates in an underlying sense that, one day, queer people will have to move away from social media sites and find new spaces to express themselves.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The differentiated nature of surveillance creates conditions where queer users have to establish the right balance between expressing themselves and being able to profit from platform features, particularly in relation to monetization (Persaud and Perks 2022).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Persaud and Perks 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is about saving your energy for what really works and what you can do at the moment.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Karl touches on how platforms features currently being channeled for data accumulation purposes can pose a higher risk for users belonging to marginalized communities.”
plainconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Platform features are currently being channeled for data accumulation purposes.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we see how looking back, building knowledge about algorithms' functioning and platforms' regulations, allows LGBTQ+ users to develop behaviours that help them to avoid surveillance, even if only temporarily.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, using these features must be contrasted with their actual and potential risks for queer users, which creates an additional burden.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, current resistance actions are not often considered.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, algorithmic-led surveillance becomes an important part of identity modulation for these communities.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, as these decisions remain opaque and poorly communicated, users like Harpy cannot help but experience them as a form of LGBTQ+ discrimination.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Platform content-moderation decisions are opaque and poorly communicated.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having experienced first-hand the consequences of this visibility, Astra and people working for the collective had to reckon with how they were surveilled by platforms, which guided their subsequent behaviours.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For LGBTQ+ users, their social media presence, even if it is a crucial technology in their current endeavours (Robards et al. 2019), cannot be taken for granted: it always feels precarious and conditional.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Robards et al. 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“I found that this has allowed me to tap into the role of speculation in challenging a deterministic view of technological development that would only seek to fix the current system (Chartrand forthcoming).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chartrand forthcoming
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a burden that is not evenly distributed across users.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Resistance as a default setting creates an additional affective burden for queer users.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 47
- It may state two separate claims as one. 68
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“It stresses the importance of developing individual freedoms in relation to how data are used and collected and advocates for enhanced autonomy and agency: people should be able to decide whether they want to participate in this system.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Taylor 2017 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Data justice frameworks are particularly invested in understanding the impacts, both negative and positive, of datafication and identifying ways to address them.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Taylor 2017 source
In “A proposed framework for data justice” (p. 9), Taylor says a framework must account for both the positive and negative potential of data technologies and address their relationship to human needs. The Conclusion (p. 13) describes the framework as a roadmap for analysing datafication’s impacts and developing aims and objectives to address them. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confronted with inevitable monitoring, users adopt strategies like creating backup accounts, using alternative promotional methods, and deliberately defying censorship.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Astra told me about his intention to launch a new Instagram profile focused on BDSM content and already identified clear behaviours to adopt so he can avoid content moderation.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fred Pokes, in Montréal, also mentioned how they decided to stop posting about political situations, such as sharing updates about Palestine on their professional tattoo page.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gabriel, a PhD student based in Montréal, is also using his knowledge to experiment with algorithm recommendations to try to shape an experience that is more reflective of what he would like to see.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For both Astra and Fred Pokes, a tattoo artist in Montreal, this expectation of discrimination was repeatedly made clear, as they both talked about needing to be prepared in case they got locked out of platforms.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sasha Kills, a drag artist based in Berlin and one half of the drag show Omelette du fromage with Nicole M'Pikole, told me that, when they decided to put their gender identity on Instagram, they immediately felt the impact on their account.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Karl, a Berlin-based user who is part of kink and queer scenes on social media, said that, while using hashtags are necessary for him to build ties within his specific community, he is wary that this might be used to subsequently identify him, with the potential risk of having posts taken down or his account suspended.”
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Francis thus felt that his presence is necessary online, and it becomes a form of responsibility that he feels towards others.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These actions achieve different goals in relation to surveillance: to evade the algorithmic gaze, to push back against surveillance, and to imagine alternatives in the case that there is a need to move away from platforms.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What is clear from the people interviewed is that they are building a strong body of knowledge about algorithmically driven surveillance.They know how they are being perceived, and they feel seen.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He mentions that he saw that, when artists are too heavily catering to platform algorithms, they start to lose their essence, their edge in the pool of artists online.They also point to how this catering can become obsessive and hinder creative freedom.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Karl told me that even though he hasn't experienced algorithmic discrimination, he expects to face it down the line.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, Sasha witnessed a noticeably decreased engagement (e.g., likes, comments, reactions) with their posts, which led them to the conclusion that they were shadowbanned.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They reported feeling targeted by algorithms and described various strategies to navigate, circumvent, or resist restrictive platform regulations.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While some experienced it firsthand, others realized it was happening through their networks and seeing other people reacting to this surveillance.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seth mentions that setting this limit was crucial for him so he could keep a sense of agency about his social media presence.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surveillance is not something that goes unnoticed or that LGBTQ+ users can forget about: they are continuously confronted by it and have to acknowledge its presence.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sasha Kills articulated vividly how queer spaces are always under the threat of co-optation”
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is what Sasha expects to happen on social media: they were once central for queer forms of expressions but, as they have become more widespread, they are moving towards pushing these populations further out and there will soon be no other choice but to move out.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LGBTQ+ users such as drag artists often have to closely monitor their social media metrics to evaluate posts' performances, and this is where they can usually identify when something is off or went wrong.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as Astra realized that queer expressions on platforms like Instagram were targeted and punished.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Jaqqstrap, a drag performer in Montréal, also knew about the surveillance gaze upon him: "Oh, I have been [targeted], you never forget the first time your post gets taken down by Instagram."”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seth contrasted this behaviour with their straight friends, who do not have to worry about surveillance actively: they don't have to think about their usage in the same kind of way, to be consciously adapting their behaviours, or to set limits on which actions they should perform or not.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Harpy actually found that cis and straight users could get away these types of posts much more easily, even when they involve sexually explicit content”
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fred Pokes told me that there is a limit to what they are willing to hide to respect platforms regulations”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nidrawttt told me how, before posting a picture that he feels could be taken down, he will try to get it promoted using the built-in marketing tools on Instagram.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a candid tone, he clearly states his awareness of being surveilled while also expressing that he is not surprised by this.”
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Harpy, a drag artist in Berlin, told me about a time when one of her posts, a picture where she was wearing a miniskirt and struck a more provocative pose, got quickly taken down for being too explicit, albeit not for going against any guidelines related to nudity.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following this incident, he had to develop new strategies to be able to keep using social media, such as creating backup accounts, being even more careful with the content he posts, refraining from expressing political thoughts, and censoring his use of queer lingo shared within his community.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some users are actively aware of how they are being surveilled and are trying as much as they can to do something about it, not only to protect themselves and their communities but also, more importantly, in the hope that these discriminatory patterns will be challenged.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I have been actively imagining alternatives to the current social media platforms' ecosystem by directly asking”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Astra, when recounting how he lost his account mentioned a grieving process that was difficult to share.His Instagram page was a years-long record of his transition journey that was completely lost overnight”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What I have encountered first-hand is LGBTQ+ artists, activists, and workers that are quite imaginative in their ways of addressing surveillance but that are also affectively taxed by doing this work.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consequently, they feel highly visible yet simultaneously invisibilized by these platforms (Myles, Duguay, and Echaiz 2022).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Myles, Duguay, and Echaiz 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Even if users are aware of the potential risks of datafication, using platform technologies becomes essential to, for example, access one's communities, to live of one's art, and to advocate for social justice causes (Robards et al. 2019;Trott 2020).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Robards et al. 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Trott 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This duality forces LGBTQ+ users to recognize surveillance directed at them and adjust their behaviour according to platforms' parameters and potential discrimination (Bishop 2023).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bishop 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Yet, users are often confronted with uncertainty about the effectiveness of their strategies, with platforms actively denying doing anything against LGBTQ+ users (Cotter 2021).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cotter 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“LGBTQ+ people are still confronted with the pressures of heteronormativity, and digital tools remain important in developing communities and identities through the formation of counterpublics that allow these users to distance themselves from the discriminatory conditions of platforms (Robards et al. 2019;Warner 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Robards et al. 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Warner 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Content moderation is not only applied to marginalized communities but also often targets their particular identity expressions, labelling diverging expressions as”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Haimson et al. 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“On one hand, online spaces have been important for them to form public identities, create communities, and advocate for their rights.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Robards et al. 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Warner 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering platforms' inherent goals of data accumulation and commodification, individual users are encouraged to act publicly, making them more susceptible to technological surveillance.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“LGBTQ+ users face a paradox: social media is crucial for identity formation, community building, and self-expression ( Robards et al. 2019), yet they encounter intensified algorithmic surveillance through content moderation tactics such as shadowbanning, demonetization, and account suspension (Are 2022; Bivens and Haimson 2016; Gillespie 2022).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Robards et al. 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Scholars of platformization have challenged our understanding of digital platforms: instead of neutral mediators, platforms are reconfiguring the operationalization of social and economic institutions (Gillespie 2018;Van Dijck, Poell, and De Waal 2018).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gillespie 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Van Dijck, Poell, and De Waal 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Privately held platforms have a vested interest in reshaping existing structures to suit their economic goals.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“This situation exposes end users to greater oversight from social media platforms: private companies define”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tiidenberg and van der Nagel 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gillespie 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For LGBTQ+ users, social media has been known to reinforce gender binaries and to conflate queer content as”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bivens and Haimson 2016 source
- Not matchedcites Southerton et al. 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For Ariadna Matamoroz-Fernandez (2017), platforms are amplifying discriminatory structures by allowing biased user-generated content to circulate without moderation; this is perpetuated by algorithms that favour engagement through controversies and divisive opinions and vague policies about what content is allowed or not.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Matamoroz-Fernandez 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Navigating discriminatory but also vague platform regulations is frustrating for LGBTQ+ users, who feel like they have to increasingly adopt public personas akin to influencers for their content to be seen (Bishop 2023).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bishop 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These issues are likely to be exacerbated in light of the second Trump Administration, which has seen an increase in the targeting and marginalization of queer users, specifically trans and gender non-conforming individuals.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The second Trump Administration has seen an increase in the targeting and marginalization of queer users, specifically trans and gender non-conforming individuals.
In the paper
“Katrin Tiidenberg and Emily van der Nagel (2020) have noted that, although users heavily use digital technologies for sexual activities, these activities largely remain deplatformed and regulated against.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tiidenberg and van der Nagel 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Overall, in a context in which the rationale for content moderation decisions is poorly communicated (Steen, Yurechko, and Klug 2023), LGBTQ+ users have to rely on their own knowledge.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Steen, Yurechko, and Klug 2023 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Content moderation, particularly when applied in a strict and one-size-fits-all manner, allows LGBTQ+ content to be read as”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Digital tools have been central in allowing these users to advocate for their rights and to reclaim agency in addressing structural discrimination.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moderation is often associated with content deletion or account suspension, but scholars have shown how it encompasses a range of practices, such as age restrictions, automated warnings before accessing certain content, and demonetization of specific content (Gillespie 2022;Goldman 2021).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gillespie 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites Goldman 2021 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Private companies, which control platform technologies without substantial oversight, have more leverage than other actors, but it is not solely in their hands.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Private companies control platform technologies without substantial oversight.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this framework clearly states that certain communities sustain a larger burden of datafication, it lacks a proper engagement with how they encounter these issues and form their vernacular understandings.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this sense, this article is contributing to recent scholarship that urges us to consider users' perspectives in data justice discourses: they are key actors in understanding what could or should be done about datafication (Büchi et al. 2023).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Büchi et al. 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Digital surveillance is a continuation of existing discriminatory structures and works to push queer content to the margins.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For Taylor (2017), data justice revolves around three pillars: visibility, digital (dis)engagement, and countering data-driven discrimination.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Taylor 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This also speaks to the fact that this experience is widely shared among queer users and becomes expected (I personally received a message from Instagram that my call for participants could not be shared via marketing tools because my project was deemed as "political").”
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, for queer users, being carefree on social media is not an option and being able to operate on those sites cannot be taken for granted.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LGBTQ+ users thus have no other choice but to acknowledge how they are being surveilled and to find ways to circumvent that surveillance in order to continue operating on social media platforms.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rather, because data justice encompasses broader social justice concerns, it is invested in structural injustices that have allowed for these technologies to evolve in the first place (Dencik and Sanchez-Monedero 2022).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dencik and Sanchez-Monedero 2022 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not checked yet
In the paper
“Linnet Taylor (2017) advocates for a data justice framework acknowledging that, while there is a rapid development of data processing technologies, there is a lack of considerations of how datafication plays into broader social justice issues.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Taylor 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Letting go, or keeping your distance from the situation, is also the basis upon which participants can think about alternatives: when they need to move, they will be ready.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For marginalized users, as they are particularly impacted by these processes, there is no other option than to acknowledge datafication mechanisms and find ways to circumvent the challenges these mechanisms create.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Marginalized users are particularly impacted by datafication and surveillance processes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data justice identifies potential sites for us to challenge and resist datafication but overlooks the resistance that is already happening and, most importantly, is mandatory for some.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This creates a regime of visibility that heightens the scrutiny of queer communities, which greatly impacts their possible evolution within counterpublic spaces operating outside of the cisheternormative system (Haimson et al. 2021;Mayworm, Albert, and Haimson 2024;Monea 2022).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Haimson et al. 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mayworm, Albert, and Haimson 2024 source
- Not matchedcites Monea 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Refusing to accept platforms' conditions acknowledges the incompatibility of queer forms of expression within the contemporary surveillance system and safeguards the inherently queer nature of digital LGBTQ+ expressions.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Being seen by platforms is thus interpreted by LGBTQ+ users as a mechanism to push queer content to the margins in favour of heteronormative content.This surveillance is experienced as a new mechanism for the marginalization of queer people.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identifying these limits is productive in pushing against regulations that hinder LGBTQ+ expressions and is a form of resistance against the surveillance of queer content.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data justice is thus providing us with key sites on which to act to address the impacts of datafication, while also considering how these solutions should be implemented by a variety of actors on different levels.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, Seeta Peña Gangadharan and Jędrzej Niklas (2019: 885) rightly state that "algorithmic discrimination and exclusionary automated systems represent one element of a larger ecosystem of discriminatory practices and procedures, and any diagnosis of problems or prescription for remedies would benefit from some measure of reflexivity in relation to this ecosystem."”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gangadharan and Niklas 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These pillars allow us to study the impacts of datafication on privacy and representation concerns, autonomy in relation to participation in the data-driven ecosystem, and our ability to address discrimination and biases embedded in data systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having to acknowledge this surveillance and to navigate it through their own knowledge reiterates the idea that technological innovations are not made for people on the margins, and so a more proactive stance towards them is necessary to be able to benefit from them in the same way as the majority does.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering this particular position of LGBTQ+ people regarding technologies, the stakes of surveillance are particularly high.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While data justice is an important tool to identify pathways to navigate our datafied world, it adopts mostly a future-oriented stance, which often overlooks existing forms of resistance enacted by specific communities that have no other choice but to challenge datafication and surveillance mechanisms.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, for LGBTQ+ users, acknowledging and addressing surveillance becomes mandatory, as it is virtually impossible to step out of this regime.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, after taking notice of this surveillance and piecing together through their own understandings how they are being seen by platforms, LGBTQ+ users are increasingly aware of how seemingly benign social media features can potentially be used to target and surveil them, while other users do not have to actively think about this.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a regime of surveillance capitalism, "default publicness" (Cho 2018) becomes a precondition for social media usage: as platforms need to continuously extract data about its users, anonymity becomes counterproductive.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cho 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, surveillance has material repercussions for marginalized users by deepening invisibilization.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, platform understandings and experimentation require constant adaptability, as platforms often change their rules without any possible oversight from their users (DeVito 2021).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DeVito 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The study compares two cities with rich queer histories, Montréal and Berlin, which are both important hubs for queer sociality ("Club Culture Berlin" 2019; Podmore 2021).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites "Club Culture Berlin" 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Podmore 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Resistance to surveillance is not aspirational, it is ongoing.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This work is necessary and is inspirational at times, but it is taxing and is difficult to sustain by communities that are continuously being marginalized.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They would like to have an option to resist or not, but since their position on digital technologies is so fragile, this choice is not available for them.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, this work is difficult and not evenly distributed among all the actors implicated.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I personally find that one important contribution has been to put together these strategies that were being performed in isolation”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LGBTQ+ users do not have the "luxury" of being carefree online, as they feel constantly monitored.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Platforms and social media are ubiquitous in social, economic, and political life.
“The ubiquity of platforms and social media in our social, economic, and political lives is undeniable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Privately held platforms have a vested interest in reshaping existing structures to suit their economic goals.
“Privately held platforms have a vested interest in reshaping existing structures in a way that is suitable for their economic goals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Data capitalism sets the conditions for new systems of manipulation, surveillance, and oppression.
“Yet, data capitalism sets the conditions for new systems of manipulation, surveillance, and oppression.”
The paper relies on this without support.
End users are left with little autonomy and agency regarding their participation in the platform economy.
“Within that discursive and material platform economy, end users are left with little autonomy and agency regarding their participation in the system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Private companies control platform technologies without substantial oversight.
“Private companies, which control platform technologies without substantial oversight, have more leverage than other actors, but it is not solely in their hands.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The second Trump Administration has seen an increase in the targeting and marginalization of queer users, specifically trans and gender non-conforming individuals.
“These issues are likely to be exacerbated in light of the second Trump Administration, which has seen an increase in the targeting and marginalization of queer users, specifically trans and gender non-conforming individuals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Content moderation measures can be visible and announced to affected users, or they can remain unnoticed, such as when specific posts are rendered less visible.
“These content moderation measures can be visible and announced to the affected users, or they can remain unnoticed, such as when specific posts are rendered less visible.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Marginalized users are particularly impacted by datafication and surveillance processes.
“For marginalized users, as they are particularly impacted by these processes, there is no other option than to acknowledge datafication mechanisms and find ways to circumvent the challenges these mechanisms create.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Platform features are currently being channeled for data accumulation purposes.
“Karl touches on how platforms features currently being channeled for data accumulation purposes can pose a higher risk for users belonging to marginalized communities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Platform content-moderation decisions are opaque and poorly communicated.
“as these decisions remain opaque and poorly communicated”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Being Seen and Looking Back: Differentiated Impacts of Datafication
“Indeed, datafication and surveillance are reinforcing structural discrimination patterns, such as racist biases circulating on search engines (Eubanks 2018;Noble 2018).”
§ References
“19. Eubanks, Virginia. 2019. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. New York: St. Martin's Press.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Abstract
“Consequently, they feel highly visible yet simultaneously invisibilized by these platforms (Myles, Duguay, and Echaiz 2022).”
§ References
“33. Myles, David, Stefanie Duguay, and Lucia Flores Echaiz. 2023. Mapping the Social Implications of Platform Algorithms for LGBTQ+ Communities. Journal of Digital Social Research 5 (4): 1-30.”
Citations
Cites
The algorithmic imaginary: exploring the ordinary affects of Facebook algorithms
Bucher, T. (2016) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2016.1154086 · Cited by 1,420
What is data justice? The case for connecting digital rights and freedoms globally
Taylor, L. (2017) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/2053951717736335 · Cited by 802
Managing visibility on YouTube through algorithmic gossip
Bishop, S. (2019) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444819854731 · Cited by 535
Duffy, B. E., & Meisner, C. (2022) · Media Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/01634437221111923 · Cited by 441
Constructivist grounded theory
Charmaz, K. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1262612 · Cited by 406
Socially Mediated Publicness: An Introduction
Baym, N. K., & boyd, D. (2012) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.705200 · Cited by 404
Haimson, O. L., Delmonaco, D., Nie, P., & Wegner, A. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3479610 · Cited by 352
Matamoros-Fernández, A. (2017) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2017.1293130 · Cited by 320
Do Not Recommend? Reduction as a Form of Content Moderation
Gillespie, T. (2022) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051221117552 · Cited by 267
Baking Gender Into Social Media Design: How Platforms Shape Categories for Users and Advertisers
Bivens, R., & Haimson, O. L. (2016) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305116672486 · Cited by 240
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Duguay, Stefanie. 2022. Personal But Not Private: Queer Women, Sexuality, and Identity Modulation on Digital Platforms. Oxford, UK: Oxford University press.
- Eubanks, Virginia. 2019. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. New York: St. Martin's Press.
- Fuchs, Christian, ed. 2012. Internet and Surveillance: The Challenges of Web 2.0 and Social Media. London: Routledge.
- Matassi, Mora, and Pablo Boczkowski. 2021. An Agenda for Comparative Social Media Studies: The Value of Understanding Practices From Cross-National, Cross-Media, and Cross-Platform Perspectives. International Journal of Communication 15 (January): 207-228.
- Monea, Alexander. 2022. The Digital Closet: How the Internet Became Straight. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
- Mowlabocus, Sharif. 2021. A Kindr Grindr: Moderating Race(Ism) in Techno-Spaces of Desire. In Queer Sites in Global Contexts: Technologies, Spaces, and Otherness, edited by Regner Ramos and Sharif Mowlabocus, 33-47. London: Routledge.
- Noble, Safiya Umoja. 2018. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: New York University Press.
- Paasonen, Susanna, Kylie Jarrett, and Ben Light. 2019. NSFW: Sex, Humor, and Risk in Social Media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Robards, Brady, Brendan Churchill, Son Vivienne, Benjamin Hanckel, and Paul Byron. 2019. Twenty Years of "Cyberqueer": The Enduring Significance of the Internet for Young LGBTIQ+. In Young, Sexuality and Sexual Citizenship, edited by Peter Aggleton, Rob Cover, and Deana Leahy, 151-162. London: Routledge.
- Southerton, Clare, Daniel Marshall, Peter Aggleton, Mary Lou Rasmussen, and Rob Cover. 2021. Restricted Modes: Social Media, Content Classification and LGBTQ Sexual Citizenship. New Media & Society 23 (5): 920-938.
- Steinberg, Marc. 2019. The Platform Economy: How Japan Transformed the Consumer Internet. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Szulc, Łukasz. 2023. Culture Is Transnational. International Journal of Cultural Studies 26 (1): 3-15.
- Tiidenberg, Katrin, and Emily van der Nagel. 2020. Sex and Social Media. Leeds, UK: Emerald Publishing.
- Trott, Ben. 2020. Queer Berlin and the Covid-19 Crisis: A Politics of Contact and Ethics of Care. Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements 12 (1): https://www.interfacejournal.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Interface-12-1-Trott.pdf.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chartrand, A. (2026) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Chartrand, A.
- Affiliations
- Concordia University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Chartrand, Alex
- ORCID
- Chartrand, Alex
- Venue
- Surveillance & Society
- Publisher
- Queen's University Library
- Published
- 2026-06-21
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 298-312
- ISSN
- 1477-7487 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W7165551249
- Semantic Scholar
- e3a3dfab655637607f44ee52cc4a9b07d7356c34
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Surveillance & Society (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Érudit (Université de Montréal) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Keywords
- algorithmic surveillance, social media, content moderation, platformization, datafication, resistance, data justice, censorship, queer activism, queer communities, platform affordances, Montreal, Berlin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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