Gothic "Voodoo" in Africa and Haiti

May combine two claims.

Derby synthesized reports of demonic pigs along the Haitian-Dominican borderlands and associated them with memories of violence and male heroism.

“Derby (2010) synthesized the prominence of reports of demonic pigs, a local variant of the lougarou, along the Haitian-Dominican borderlands, and associated them with memories of violence and male heroism.”

• cites Derby, 2010Supported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Even in academic cycles, the very mention that the author is an initiate and/or researcher of 'Voodoo' elicits immediate cause for alarm and subtle discrimination.

“Even in academic cycles, the very mention that I am an initiate and/or researcher of “Voodoo” elicits immediate cause for alarm and subtle discrimination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Adze feed on the blood of humans, especially children and newborns.

“They feed on the blood of humans, especially children and newborns.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the author's village in Togo, dozens of Europeans, Asians, and other non-Africans have undergone initiation into Afa, Gorovodu, and Yewe Vodun.

“and in my village in Togo, Western Africa, dozens of Europeans, Asians, and other non-Africans have undergone initiation into Afa, Gorovodu, and Yewe Vodun.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

People in West Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, or the tropical Global South insist that there are supernatural creatures.

“And people in West Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, or the tropical Global South more widely, adamantly insist that there are supernatural creatures (Adze, Lougarou, Chupacabra, etc.).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Adze are indestructible; insecticides and preventative magic are ineffective, and they are only mortal in their human form.

“They are indestructible;; insecticides and preventative magic are deemed ineffective -they are only mortal in their human form.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

After the earthquake, there were increased instances of kidnapping and child smuggling, particularly in Haiti where thousands of children were left homeless or orphaned.

“As disaster and pain pervaded the scene, the werewolves were also running amok, the present quickly became”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Ogou prefers sheep, Papa Kunde of Gorovodu eats dogs, and Heviesso desires rams.

“Ogou, god of iron, prefers sheep, Papa Kunde of Gorovodu eats dogs, while Heviesso, god of justice and thunder, desires rams.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The number of these incidents has increased since 2010 with the chronic desperation that came from the environmental pressures of the devastating Haitian earthquake.

“The number of these incidents has increased since 2010 with the chronic desperation that came from the environmental pressures of the devastating Haitian earthquake.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

When gothic narratives are applied to people of African descent, it has mostly been through negative stereotypes and unfair archetypes associated with African and Diasporic religions and rituals such as 'Voodoo'.

“When gothic narratives are applied to people of African descent, it has mostly been through negative stereotypes and unfair archetypes associated with African and Diasporic religions and rituals such as “Voodoo.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Voodoo (Vodun/Vodou) and related religions like Santeria, Orisha, Macumba, Obeah, and the like have been demonized and equated with blood-lust, witchcraft, black magic, sorcery, and even cannibalism, to the point that they had to go underground.

“Voodoo (Vodun/Vodou) and related religions like Santeria, Orisha, Macumba, Obeah, and the like, have been further demonized and equated with blood-lust, witchcraft, black magic, sorcery, and even cannibalism, to the point that they had to go underground.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Popular culture and consumption have hijacked the core meanings of the term 'gothic' and have misunderstood Vodou and Vodun.

“Just as the engines of popular culture and consumption have hijacked the core meanings of the term “gothic”, they have also misunderstood Vodou and Vodun.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The popular obsession with the gothic makes it a convenient medium through which to delegitimize African beliefs.

“The popular obsession with the gothic makes it a convenient medium through which to delegitimize African beliefs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Many modern readers and some critics, encouraged by popular culture, have begun to think of 'Gothic literature' as referring to any story that uses an elaborate setting, combined with supernatural or super-evil forces against an innocent protagonist.

“Many modern readers and some critics - encouraged by popular culture - have begun to think of “Gothic literature” as referring to any story that uses an elaborate setting, combined with supernatural or super-evil forces against an innocent protagonist.”

May combine two claims.

Western hegemony yields unjustified oppression from above in places like Haiti where poverty is explained as a result of 'diabolical Vodou'; it garbles the intimate ties between 'race' and class, and colonial and neoliberal domination by the West.

“This hegemony cuts deep, yielding unjustified oppression from above in places like Haiti where poverty is explained as a 1 “Voodoo” is obviously a problematic word, but for the purposes here I will use it for several reasons.”

• cites Cleophat in Montgomery, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Giafferi-Dombre in Montgomery, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Eurocentric bias leads outsiders with little real understanding of 'Vodu' to align it with tropes from misconceived Gothic literature, so ideas such as blood-sucking witches, resurrected spirits, night-flying women, shapeshifters, and a laundry list of 'fantasy-like' characters including fairies, elves, tykes, giants, vampires and werewolves garner the headlines, while the liturgical, medical, and

“Eurocentric bias leads outsiders with little real understanding of “Vodu” to align it with tropes from misconceived Gothic literature so ideas such as blood-sucking witches, resurrected spirits, night-flying women, shapeshifters, and a laundry list of “fantasy-like” characters including fairies, elves, tykes, giants, vampires and werewolves, garner the headlines;; while the liturgical, medical,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The transformative and dynamic nature of 'Voodoo' religion is missed.

“The transformative and dynamic nature of “Voodoo” religion is missed.”

May combine two claims.

A Eurocentric propensity maligns African religious systems in a manner draped in racism, turning these beliefs into the 'savage other', while also appropriating these frames for mass consumption.

“Another Eurocentric bend has been the propensity to malign African religious systems in a manner draped in racism, turning these beliefs into the “savage other”, while also appropriating these frames for mass consumption.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Vodou/Vodun are not cognates of the 'American Zombie gothic'; they are a mode of survival and offer a way of seeing and being in an unpredictable world.

“Vodou/Vodun are not cognates of the “American Zombie gothic”, but rather, are a mode of survival and offer a way of seeing and being in an unpredictable world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The atmosphere of mystery and the unknown; the evil capacities of human and godlike agents; paranormal beings and events that stretch beyond nature; the wild and out of control propensity of melodramatic forces and events; omens, magical objects, visions and dreams; and sacred settings and ceremonies are only a small part of what 'voodoo' is, yet it is only this master narrative that most of the

“The atmosphere of mystery and the unknown;; the evil capacities of human and godlike agents;; paranormal beings and events that stretch beyond nature;; the wild and out of control propensity of melodramatic forces and events;; omens, magical objects, visions and dreams;; and, sacred settings and ceremonies-are only a small part of what “voodoo” is, yet it is only this master narrative that most of”

May combine two claims.

While many throughout Africa and the Diaspora are forced to conceal their adherence to African Religion, it remains a repository and 'the soil in which Christianity and Islam have taken root'.

“While many throughout Africa and the Diaspora are forced to conceal their adherence to African Religion, it remains a repository and “the soil in which Christianity and Islam have taken root” (Orobator, 2018, p.77-102).”

• cites Orobator, 2018, p.77-102Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In Haiti, most followers of Vodou will pronounce themselves Catholic to avoid persecution from the inside and outside, and the same holds true in places such as Puerto Rico, Brazil, Cuba, Benin, Togo and Nigeria.

“In Haiti, most followers of Vodou will pronounce themselves Catholic to avoid persecution from the inside and outside, and the same holds true in places such as Puerto Rico, Brazil, Cuba, Benin, Togo and Nigeria.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Some members of popular culture have continually superimposed this story arc onto African religions like 'voodoo', equating it with gothic fiction, and thus doing great harm to one of the world's most ancient and important belief systems.

“Some members of popular culture have continually superimposed this story arc onto African religions like “voodoo”, equating it with gothic fiction, and thus doing great harm to one of the world's most ancient and important belief systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Both terms 'Voodoo' and 'the gothic' continue to be conflated by popular culture, and equating 'voodoo' with 'the gothic' confounds the true spirit of both concepts.

“And yet, both terms continue to be conflated by popular culture, and by equating “voodoo” with “the gothic”, the true spirt of both concepts become confounded.”

May combine two claims.

Vodun is open-ended, unfinished, and a holistic way of being and seeing in real life, whereas the media and popular culture of the West turns it into something less than human.

“Whereas Vodun is open-ended, unfinished, and a holistic way of being and seeing in real life, the media and popular culture of the West turns it into something less than human (Montgomery, 2016;; Rush, 2013).”

• cites Montgomery, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Rush, 2013Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The odus and patakines of Yoruba Ifa divination, the mythologies of Vodun and Vodou gods, the acts of spirit possession and revelation, and the articulations of plant medicine for healing operate in the realm of 'mystery' but are also scientific, albeit not understood by Western empiricism or the so-called scientific method.

“The odus and patakines of Yoruba Ifa divination, the mythologies of Vodun and Vodou gods, the acts of spirit possession and revelation, the articulations of plant medicine for healing - all operate in the realm of “mystery”, but they are also scientific;; albeit, not understood by Western empiricism or the so-called scientific method (Vannier & Montgomery, 2016, pp. 31-38).”

• cites Vannier & Montgomery, 2016, pp. 31-38 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Vodun is an ancient organizing principle and way of life for millions of followers, doing more than just speaking to the unknown.

“Vodun does more than just speak to the unknown, it is an ancient organizing principle and way of life for millions of followers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

African belief systems are not religions of 'horror', but are pierced with balanced elements of good and evil; through sacrifice, prayer, performance, and the like, Africans can bring order to a world full of conflict and chaos (called maso-maso in the Ewe language of Ghana, Togo, and Benin).

“These are not religions of “horror,” but rather, African belief systems are pierced with balanced elements of good and evil;; and through sacrifice, prayer, performance, and the like, Africans can bring order to a world full of conflict and chaos (called maso-maso in the Ewe language of Ghana, Togo, and Benin).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Ritual acts are also practical, servicing the sick and indigent, and also improving the lot of their devotees and adepts.

“Well, ritual acts are also practical, servicing the sick and indigent, and also improving the lot of their devotees and adepts.”

May combine two claims.

The 'Halloweenification' of Vodun, Vodou, Orisha, and related orders began in colonialism and has been exacerbated in modernity where the neoliberal order turns publicity into a substitute for democracy by way of co-opted images of the 'other'.

“This “Halloweenification” of Vodun, Vodou, Orisha, and related orders began in colonialism and has been exacerbated in modernity where the neoliberal order turns publicity into a substitute for democracy by way of co-opted images of the “other” (Berger, 1972).”

• cites Berger, 1972Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The gothic movement and voodoo religion are not simply en vogue lifestyles or themes for Hollywood films; both have been shaped by neoliberal globalization and subjected to its vampirism.

“The gothic movement, as well as voodoo religion, are not simply en vogue lifestyles, or themes for Hollywood films;; both have been shaped by neoliberal globalization, and subjected to its vampirism (Shaviro, 2002;; Comaroff & Comaroff, 2001).”

• cites Shaviro, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Comaroff & Comaroff, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Outsiders believe that syncretism and 'conversion' has gone on, when really the supposed 'converted' have instead converted the 'converter'.

“This leads to outsiders believing that syncretism and “conversion” has gone on, when really the supposed “converted”, have instead converted the “converter”.”

May combine two claims.

This fluidity of code-switching becomes what James Scott would call a 'weapon of the weak', as a result of 'spiritual insecurity' perpetuated by Western hegemony.

“This fluidity of code-switching becomes what James Scott would call a “weapon of the weak”, as a result of “spiritual insecurity” perpetuated by Western hegemony (2008;; see also Falen, 2016).”

• cites Scott, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Falen, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A racialized Eurocentric hegemony devalues 'Voodoo' by equating it with equally distorted concepts of 'the gothic'.

“A certain racialized Eurocentric hegemony devalues one of the world's least understood religions (“Voodoo”) by equating it with equally distorted concepts of “the gothic”.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Tropes essential to realms of the gothic-supernatural characters, mystery, the macabre, spirits, and paranormal entities-are also central to the cosmology and liturgy of so-called 'Voodoo'.

“Tropes that are essential to realms of the gothic (supernatural characters, mystery, the macabre, spirits, and paranormal entities) - are also central to the cosmology and liturgy of so-called “Voodoo”.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The term 'gothic' has been western-centric, almost always applied to American and European peoples, so people of color, especially black people, have felt ostracized and marginalized by 'Goth Culture'.

“The term has also been western-centric in that it is almost always applied to American and European peoples, to the point that in contemporary times people of color (especially black people) have felt ostracized and marginalized by “Goth Culture.””

May combine two claims.

The concerted and collective effort by outsiders to conflate 'voodoo' as only 'supernatural' or 'paranormal' instead of framing it through cultural relativism as a 'way of life' misrepresents reality and invokes a feeling of 'last-place anxiety', relegating Vodun/Vodou to the lower echelons of religious thought and their followers to the level of barbarism.

“The concerted and collective effort by outsiders to conflate “voodoo” as only “supernatural” or “paranormal” - instead of framing it through cultural relativism for what it is, a “way of life” - not only misrepresents reality, but invokes a feeling of “last-place anxiety”, relegating Vodun/Vodou to the lower echelons of religious thought, and their followers to the level of barbarism (Matory, 2015”

• cites Matory, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Haiti, Togo, and Benin, people are crossing borders and metaphysical barriers in search of something new.

“In the spaces and places of”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Both Voodoo and the Gothic are prevalent in the postmodern world and often conflated, which speaks to misinformation and misunderstanding of both.

“This in itself is uncanny and sublime, and yet the fact that both ideas are so prevalent in the postmodern world and often conflated with one another, speaks to the amount of misinformation and misunderstanding of both ideas: Voodoo and The Gothic.”

May combine two claims.

Max Marwick discussed witchcraft accusations as a social-strain gauge meaning witchcraft and spiritual enforcers work to keep morality and ancient customs alive.

“Max Marwick has discussed the prevalence of witchcraft accusations as a”

• cites Marwick, 1950 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As the gothic is undergoing a resurgence in academic and popular cultures, so too is Voodoo religion.

“As”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In voodoo animal sacrifice, the original sin of violence is carried out on animals to purify human acts of violence.

“whereas in voodoo animal sacrifice, the original sin of violence is carried out on animals as a way to”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Pop-culture vampirism from Twilight and True Blood reinforces long-held beliefs about Voodoo adepts.

“while the rise of vampirism in pop-culture from”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Throughout Sub-Saharan Africa and the Atlantic world, the spirits of wild bush animals are believed to be able to plunge into the bodies of unborn children and pierce the very personhood and corporeality of the young.

“In fact, throughout Sub-Saharan Africa and the Atlantic world, the spirits of wild bush animals are believed to be able to plunge into the bodies of unborn children and pierce the very personhood and corporeality of the young.”

May combine two claims.

Poverty opens the doors to human trafficking and kidnappings, demonstrating a spike of the gothic in the age of terror.

“Poverty also opens the doors to human trafficking and kidnappings demonstrating the desperate actions of these desperate times and evidence of a pronounced spike of”

• cites Liénard-Yeterian & Monnet, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

What is witnessed in the Global South has universal precedence.

“Thus what we are witnessing in the Global South has universal precedence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many subcultures of the West consume gothic entertainment for much the same reasons.

“Meanwhile, many subcultures of the West opt to consume wide-ranging aspects of gothic entertainment for much the same reasons.”

May combine two claims.

Marwick and Davis's functional explanations highlight the fundamental reason for witchcraft and zombification: to deter criminality and build a greater cooperative morality.

“Although Marwick and Davis's”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Gothic revival and renewed interest in African religions constitute two sides of the same coin-a desire to respond to and resist inequality and social injustice.

“Gothic revival, and renewed interest in African religions, constitute two sides of the same coin - a desire to respond to and resist the inequality and social injustice of the world.”

May combine two claims.

The lougarous of Haiti have experienced a revival, especially since the 2010 Haitian earthquake and due to increased social stratification.

“The lougarous (werewolves or vampires) of Haiti have also experienced a revival of sorts, especially since the 2010 Haitian earthquake and due to increased social stratification indicative of present times.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For participants of Vodun and Vodou rituals, voodoo spirits are the center of religious life, worshipped by millions in Western Africa and throughout the Atlantic world.

“For the participants of Vodun and Vodou rituals,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As modernity and neoliberalism continue to exclude masses, the darkness includes both disaster and human suffering and frightening supernatural disorder with monsters.

“As modernity and neoliberalism continues to leave masses of people excluded -the darkness that has descended becomes not only that of disaster and human suffering, but also of frightening supernatural disorder complete with accompanying monsters.”

May combine two claims.

The Adze are shapeshifting vampires and part of the folklore of Ga-Adangbe, Mina, and Adja ethnic groups.

“The Adze are shapeshifting vampires and also a part of the folklore of nearby Ga-Adangbe, Mina, and Adja ethnic groups.”

May combine two claims.

Wade Davis explained that dioxin from pufferfish was the elemental component for rendering a human a zombie, but greater spiritual reasons were to punish evil-doers and transgressors.

“In his analysis of Haitian zombies, Wade Davis explained that the dioxin from the pufferfish was the elemental component for rendering a human a zombie, but the greater spiritual reasons were to punish evil-doers and transgressors (2000).”

• cites Davis, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This reciprocal duality can have both positive magical and negative spiritual connotations.

“This reciprocal duality can have both positive magical and negative spiritual connotations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Voodoo is an age-old belief system informed by morality and empowerment; the gothic refers to a time in history, style of architecture, or finding beauty in the dark side; both are lifestyles and subcultures.

“Voodoo, like most religions of the world, is an age-old belief system informed by morality and empowerment, and the gothic refers to a time in history, style of architecture, or”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The sacrifice of an animal or another human being becomes an act of building self-assurance and social solidarity and cohesion.

“Both believe they are achieving a proper goal, and the sacrifice of an animal, or another human being, become an act of building selfassurance and social solidarity and cohesion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When donors are believed to be lourgarou they are often poisoned or killed via sorcery.

“when”

• cites Stevens, 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the tropics of the Global South, African religions are growing, not just among blacks; whites are also flocking to houses of Candomblé in Brazil, shrines of Orisha in Cuba and Puerto Rico, and also to American city-centers in search of alternatives to the 'master narratives' of the so-called world religions.

“In the tropics of the Global South, African religions are growing, not just among blacks;; whites are also flocking to houses of Candomblé in Brazil, shrines of Orisha in Cuba and Puerto Rico, and also to American city-centers in search of alternatives to the “master narratives” of the so-called world religions (Olupona & Rey, 2008).”

• cites Olupona & Rey, 2008Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

In a time of exponential globalization and growing postcolonial economic disparities, the tropical gothic and its symbols are irresistible for many.

“In a time of exponential globalization, and growing postcolonial economic disparities, the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Adze originated as disease-warning entities regarding mosquitos and malaria, hepatitis, tetanus, and tuberculosis.

“Like the earth goddess Sakpata, the Adze originated as disease-warning entities, specifically regarding the effects of mosquitos and malaria in the region;; but also hepatitis, tetanus, and tuberculosis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As globalization transforms society and neoliberalism creates uncertainty, tropes of both the gothic and voodoo resonate and gain momentum.

“As globalization transforms society, and the neoliberal order creates more uncertainty, tropes of both”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The negative connotations and semantics often parallel gothic archetypes such as 'witches,' 'werewolves,' and 'vampires'.

“The negative connotations and semantics often parallel gothic archetypes such as “witches,” “werewolves,” and “vampires.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Adzes are one form of vampire, and there are dozens of other types in constant conflict, causing bloodshed among human beings.

“Adzes are but one form of vampire, and there are dozens of other types in constant conflict with one another, causing bloodshed among human beings (Washington, 2005, p. 56-57).”

• cites Washington, 2005Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Misogyny and discrimination is often at play in lougarou accusations, and many women are condemned as lougarous without supporting evidence.

“Misogyny and discrimination is often at play here, and many women are condemned as lougarous without any supporting evidence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Stories and accusations of Haitian werewolves and vampires escalate along with increases in poverty, homelessness, criminality, and desperation.

“The mysterious werewolves and vampires of Haiti beg deeper questions, especially since such stories and accusations escalate along with parallel increases in poverty, homelessness, criminality, and desperation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

African religions are rarely granted the respect and attention they deserve and have long been excluded from the status and prestige relegated to other religions.

“African religions are rarely granted the respect and attention they deserve and have long been excluded from the status and prestige relegated to other religions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

People are afraid and desperate, and this often leads to hate and hysteria.

“People are afraid, and they are desperate, and this often leads to hate and hysteria.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As many people feel isolated and estranged from themselves and their histories, there is a marked turn inwards toward the ancestral traditions and beliefs of mother Africa, and the supposed 'tribal traditions' of Europe as well.

“As many people feel isolated and estranged from themselves and their histories, there is a marked turn inwards toward the ancestral traditions and beliefs of mother Africa, and the supposed “tribal traditions” of Europe as well.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Just as human beings can shape-shift into animals, the spirits of animals can also inhabit the living.

“Just as human beings can shape-shift into animals, the spirits of animals can also inhabit the living.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Every kind of undead-ghosts of slaves, vampires, witches, and zombies-are part of the collective beliefs of Vodou worshippers of Haiti and adherents of Vodun in Togo and Benin.

“Every kind of undead - from the ghosts of slaves, to incarnations of vampires, witches, and zombies -are part of the collective beliefs of Vodou worshippers of Haiti and adherents of Vodun in Togo and Benin.”

May combine two claims.

In northern Ghana, among the Nankani peoples, Denham has discussed the advent of 'spirit children' who manifest themselves by way of disabled or unordinary children; these 'bush' spirits are believed to have supernatural powers and work to take over the home, and infanticide is present.

“In northern Ghana, among the Nankani peoples, Denham has discussed the advent of “spirit children” who manifest themselves by way of disabled or unordinary children, these “bush” spirits are believed to have supernatural powers and work to take over the home.So serious are their dangers that infanticide is present (Lancy, 2017, p. 215).”

• cites Lancy, 2017, p. 215 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In Western cultures, these beliefs and ideas are growing in imaginations and collective imaginations.

“Furthermore, in Western cultures these beliefs and ideas are also growing, in both our imaginations and our collective imaginations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Anthropologists have failed to bring to Vodun/Vodou the collective respect and research attention given to other religions like Christianity, Islam, or Buddhism.

“Regrettably, we anthropologists have failed to bring to Vodun/Vodou the collective respect and research attention given to other religions like Christianity, Islam, or Buddhism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The upsurge in reports of je-rouges or lougarou after the earthquake stems from increased vulnerability, human thugs preying on the weak, and increased reliance on mysticism and Vodou to cope with poverty.

“the upsurge in reports of the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In some cultures, legendary stories and myth become intimately connected to the realities of life.

“In some cultures, stories and characters considered legendary, and what we consider to be myth, become intimately connected to the realities of life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many people are profiting off the blood of real Haitians: relief agencies, churches, and foreign multinational corporations.

“many people are indeed profiting off the blood of real Haitians: relief agencies, churches, and foreign multinational corporations.”

May combine two claims.

In Haiti, the lougarou (werewolves) are believed to account for the numerous missing children and the use of their bodies and parts in money-making rituals, magical implements, and blood to empower and enrich their captors.

“In Haiti, this has manifested in concepts like the lougarou (werewolves) which are believed to account for the numerous missing children and the use of their bodies and parts in money-making rituals, magical implements, and blood - vital to empowering and enriching their captors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Voodoo is still too often associated with European witchcraft.

“Nevertheless, it is still too often associated with European witchcraft.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The werewolves of Greece and Ireland were more popular during tumultuous times of social and political upheaval.

“The werewolves of Greece (lycanthropus) and Ireland (faoladh) were also more popular during tumultuous times of social and political upheaval.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Morality is founded on self-transcendence, and the logic of sacrifice restrains self-interest and violence by inflicting violence on others.

“Morality is founded on self-transcendence, and”

• cites Girard, Oughourlian, & Lefort, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A BBC article notes similar events in Malawi and Brazil due to extreme poverty, and the desire for the wealthy to improve their lot by way of the blood and body parts of poor and vulnerable children.

“In an article on the BBC (2017), they note similar events in Malawi and Brazil due to extreme poverty, and the desire for the wealthy to improve their lot by way of the blood and body parts of poor and vulnerable children.”

• cites BBC, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In Trinidad and Brazil, shape-shifting monsters coincide with the blood-sucking nature of global capitalism that creates inequality everywhere it spreads.

“In Trinidad, the legarou, and in Brazil, the lobizon, are also shape-shifting monsters coinciding with the blood-sucking nature of global capitalism that creates inequality everywhere it spreads.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

African religions are associated with zombies and witches of popular culture and misappropriated as gothic.

“Instead they are associated with the zombies and witches of popular culture, and thus misappropriated as gothic.”