Demonstrating the Solar Carbothermal Reduction of Lunar Regolith to Produce Oxygen
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Subsequent experiments with 550-600 W of power resulted in maximum melt masses of 33 g and oxygen yields of 2.6 wt%, highlighting the crucial role of power levels in optimizing the oxygen extraction process.
“Subsequent experiments with 550-600 W of power resulted in maximum melt masses of 33 g and oxygen yields of 2.6 wt%, highlighting the crucial role of power levels in optimizing the oxygen extraction process.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
In one test, conducted for 80 min with approximately 700 W of solar power, the processed simulant produced a melt with a diameter of 53.3 mm and a mass of 77.6 g, achieving an oxygen yield of 11.3 wt%.
“In one test, conducted for 80 min with approximately 700 W of solar power, the processed simulant produced a melt with a diameter of 53.3 mm and a mass of 77.6 g, achieving an oxygen yield of 11.3 wt%.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
Through extensive carbothermal reduction experiments utilizing direct energy heating, ORBITEC achieved oxygen yields up to 28 wt%.
“Through extensive carbothermal reduction experiments utilizing direct energy heating, ORBITEC achieved oxygen yields up to 28 wt%.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
The 2010 field demonstration achieved an oxygen extraction rate of 1.45 g per kilowatt-hour (g/KWh) delivered to the reactor.
“The 2010 field demonstration [88,90] achieved an oxygen extraction rate of 1.45 g per kilowatt-hour (g/KWh) delivered to the reactor.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
The regolith samples processed had very low carbon content, ranging from 0 to 0.03 wt%, corresponding to a maximum carbon loss of only 1.7 kg per metric ton of oxygen produced.
“Despite this challenge, the regolith samples processed had very low carbon content, ranging from 0 to 0.03 wt%, corresponding to a maximum carbon loss of only 1.7 kg per metric ton of oxygen produced.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
CTR can be broadly categorized into a solid-gas reduction pathway at lower temperatures (typically below 1200°C) and a molten-phase pathway at higher temperatures (typically above 1400°C), each with distinct reaction mechanisms and kinetics.
“CTR can be broadly categorized into two regimes: a solid-gas reduction pathway at lower temperatures (typically below 1200 • C) and a molten-phase pathway at higher temperatures (typically above 1400 • C), each exhibiting distinct reaction mechanisms and kinetics (Dottori et al. 2025;Gustafson et al. 2010).”
From A review and analysis of extraction methods for aluminum and oxygen from Lunar Regolith (2026) · cites this paper as Gustafson et al. 2010
The reducing agents mainly include hydrogen, carbon or methane, and fluorine.
“The reducing agents mainly include hydrogen, 106-110 carbon or methane, 26,111,112 and fluorine. 113”
From Energy system and resource utilization in space: A state-of-the-art review (2024) · cites this paper as [112]
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References 3 · Cited by 32
- Authors
- Gustafson, R., White, B., Fidler, M., & Muscatello, A.
- Affiliations
- ORBITEC
- Kennedy Space Center (US)
- Venue
- 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition
- Published
- 2010-01-04
- OpenAlex
- W1995216758
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.84
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Kennedy Space Center
- Johnson Space Center
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Chemical Looping and Thermochemical Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Exploration and Technology
- Keywords
- lunar regolith, oxygen production, in-situ resource utilization
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