Impact of Psychological Factors in the Experience of Pain

In the paper

“Recent studies of patients with chronic pain have suggested that pain-related acceptance leads to less emotional distress and higher physical functioning.46 -48”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] 2003, Coping or acceptance: what to do about chronic pain?, Pain source
• Not checked yetcites [47] 1998, Learning to live with the pain: acceptance of pain predicts adjustment in persons with chronic pain, Pain source
• Not checked yetcites [48] 1999, Behavioral dimensions of adjustment in persons with chronic pain: pain-related anxiety and acceptance, Pain source

In the paper

“If pain is considered a “threat,” then the threat value of the (noxious) stimulus helps to steer awareness: the greater the threat, the more attention given.”

In the paper

“Indeed, negative affect is strongly associated with poor treatment outcome, as well as the development of disability from LBP. 12,24”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [12] 2008
• Not checked yetcites [24] 2000, A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain, Spine (Phila Pa 1976) source

In the paper

“we emphasize how psychological factors may contribute not only to the experience of acute pain but also to the development of chronic pain and disability over time.”

In the paper

“Yet, these psychological factors are not routinely assessed in physical therapy clinics, nor are they sufficiently utilized to enhance treatment.”

In the paper

“The presence of depression in a pain condition is associated with higher levels of pain intensity and is a potent risk factor for disability.27,29”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] 2003, Depression and pain comorbidity: a literature review, Arch Intern Med source
• Not checked yetcites [29] Depression and pain: what is the link?, Scand J Pain

In the paper

“many of the factors listed by clinicians were difficult for them to address (eg, economic, drug abuse, or marital issues) in the clinic and did not match the evidence-based factors included in that article. 2”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [2] 2004, Do physical therapists recognise established risk factors: Swedish physical therapists' evaluation in comparison to guidelines, Physiotherapy source

In the paper

“although 63% of physical therapists in a primary care setting were aware of the importance of psychological factors, only 47% reported knowledge of utilizing them clinically.3”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [3] 2005, Do evidence-based guidelines have an impact in primary care: a cross-sectional study of Swedish physicians and physiotherapists, Spine (Phila Pa 1976) source

In the paper

“Not surprisingly, pain catastrophizing is associated with a variety of problems that hinder recovery, making treatment more difficult and increasing the risk of developing persistent pain and disability.6,9,22”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [6] the “ Decade of the Flags” Working Group, 2011, Early identification and management of psychological risk factors (“yellow flags”) in patients with low back pain: a reappraisal, Phys Ther source
• Not checked yetcites [9] 2007, The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: current state of scientific evidence, J Behav Med source
• Not checked yetcites [22] 2006, Reducing sickness absence from work due to low back pain: how well do intervention strategies match modifiable risk factors?, J Occup Rehabil source

In the paper

“A majority of physical therapists are aware of the importance of psychological factors and attempt to utilize this awareness in their practice.2,3”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [2] 2004, Do physical therapists recognise established risk factors: Swedish physical therapists' evaluation in comparison to guidelines, Physiotherapy source
• Not checked yetcites [3] 2005, Do evidence-based guidelines have an impact in primary care: a cross-sectional study of Swedish physicians and physiotherapists, Spine (Phila Pa 1976) source

In the paper

“To date, there has been broad recognition of the importance of a biopsychosocial view of pain, but a lack of clarity in how the psychological factors actually fit in, not least in clinical situations.”

In the paper

“For example, Fordyce 36 suggested that although resting or taking analgesics may be a good coping strategy in the acute phase, these behaviors might actually facilitate the development of long-term problems.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] 1976

In the paper

“When multiple attempts to get rid of pain fail, worries are further reinforced, and patients are stuck in an endless loop of increasing worries and failed problem-solving attempts to alleviate pain.”

In the paper

“Fear of pain develops as a result of a cognitive interpretation of pain as threatening (pain catastrophizing), and this fear affects attention processes (hypervigilance) and leads to avoidance behaviors, followed by disability, disuse, and depression.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37][38][39]

In the paper

“Both negative affectivity (a tendency to see the cup as “half empty” rather than “half full”) and threatening types of illness information can help to fuel catastrophic thoughts about pain.”

In the paper

“Thus, worrying about pain and its implications is part of a natural-born problem-solving strategy, but one that, at least in the case of chronic pain, can have negative long-term”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] 2007, Worry and chronic pain: a misdirected problem solving model, Pain source

In the paper

“This model explains why persistent pain repeatedly interrupts attention, fuels worries about negative consequences, produces hypervigilance to pain, and produces repeated efforts to alleviate pain, even when there is no belief that a solution exists.8,50,51”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] 1999, Pain demands attention: a cognitive-affective model of the interruptive function of pain, Psychol Bull source
• Not checked yetcites [50] 2006, Worrying about chronic pain: an examination of worry and problem solving in adults who identify as chronic pain sufferers, Pain source
• Not checked yetcites [51] 2001, Worry and chronic pain patients: a description and analysis of individual differences, Eur J Pain source

In the paper

“A tenet of this model is that active coping promotes a sense of con-fidence, or “self-efficacy,” for dealing with pain that is associated with improved function and wellbeing.52,53”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [52] 2011, Self-efficacy is more important than fear of movement in mediating the relationship between pain and disability in chronic low back pain, Eur J Pain source
• Not checked yetcites [53] 2010, Impact of the interaction between self-efficacy, symptoms and catastrophising on disability, quality of life and health with chronic pain patients, Disabil Rehabil source

In the paper

“Over time, fear of pain results in musculoskeletal deconditioning, reduced pain tolerance, and fewer attempts to overcome functional limitations.”

In the paper

“Effective strategies for coping with persistent, recurrent, or chronic pain are very different from those for managing acute pain”

In the paper

“pain that persists beyond a few weeks can lead to emotional and behavioral consequences that are deleterious to pain recovery and functional rehabilitation.”

In the paper

“Persistent pain naturally leads to emotional and behavioral consequences for the majority of individuals.”

In the paper

“Catastrophic thinking about pain is an important marker for the development of long-term pain problems as well as for poor treatment outcome.”

In the paper

“Personal acceptance and commitment to selfmanage pain problems are associated with better pain outcomes.”

In the paper

“With proper instruction and support, psychological interventions can improve pain management outcomes.”

In the paper

“Psychosocial aspects of the workplace may represent barriers for returning to work while pain problems linger.”

In the paper

“Clients who are depressed or have a history of depression may have more difficulty dealing with pain.”

In the paper

“Personal expectations about the course of pain recovery and treatment benefits are associated with pain outcomes.”

In the paper

“Individuals hold very different attitudes and beliefs about the origins of pain, the seriousness of pain, and how to react to pain.”

In the paper

“Instead, a reframing of the problem toward more-functional goals and away from pain relief (or biomedical explanations of pain) may help to redirect problem-solving efforts that are more likely to be successful.49”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] 2007, Worry and chronic pain: a misdirected problem solving model, Pain source

In the paper

“Persistent pain problems can lead to hypervigilance and avoidance, but simple distraction techniques are not enough to counter these behaviors.”

In the paper

“Psychological theories and models about pain have provided a better understanding of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral manifestations of pain”