Botanical fungicides; current status, fungicidal properties and challenges for wide scale adoption: a review
Open accessAbstract
About 70-80% losses in agricultural production due to microbial disease is caused by fungal pathogens. There are around 8,000 fungal species that cause 100,000 diseases in plants. It is impossible to control such a large species of fungi with chemical fungicides alone. Even if it is made possible, it would bring negative impacts to the environment and human health. Thus, it is a high time to seek an alternative to chemical fungicides which should be eco-friendly. Botanical fungicides can be the viable and sustainable alternative in this regard. A number of researches have proved the fungicidal properties of phytochemicals. They are easily degradable; maintain soil properties and safe to the environment and human. In the present context, researchers are showing interest towards botanical fungicides. Nevertheless, their commercialization and wide-scale adoption have not yet achieved. Thus, this study aims to reveal the current status and fungicidal properties of various potential plants and, also to investigate challenges for its adoption in commercial scale through critical analysis of the related literatures. Lack of sufficient knowledge and extension facilities at the farmer’s level and slow result as compared to chemical fungicides are the major reasons behind their poor adoption. Thus, it is a high time for the collaboration among researchers, policy makers, businessman and farmers for the exploration, legalization, proper marketing and wide-scale adoption of botanical fungicides. If the approaches like sustainable agriculture, organic farming and integrated pest management (IPM) need to be extended, focuses should be given towards botanical fungicides.
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Excessive use and improper handling of synthetic fungicides can have detrimental impacts on people, the environment, and non-target organisms, negatively influencing biodiversity.
“excessive use and improper handling of synthetic fungicides can have detrimental impacts on people, the environment, and non-target organisms, which has a negative influence on biodiversity.”
From Phytochemicals as alternative fungicides for controlling plant diseases: A comprehensive review of their efficacy, commercial representatives, advantages, challenges for adoption, and possible solutions (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction (page not provided) says long-term use of chemical fungicides harms the environment and that they pose risks to human health and non-target organisms. It does not specifically discuss improper handling or state that these effects reduce biodiversity. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredConstituent molecules of synthetic fungicides have been linked to chronic human illnesses and ozone layer depletion.
“constituent molecules of synthetic fungicides have been linked to chronic human illnesses in either intake or exposure scenarios in addition to ozone layer depletion”
From Phytochemicals as alternative fungicides for controlling plant diseases: A comprehensive review of their efficacy, commercial representatives, advantages, challenges for adoption, and possible solutions (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction and Conclusion say that long-term use of chemical fungicides poses risks to human health and harms the environment. They do not link constituent molecules to chronic human illnesses through intake or exposure, or to ozone-layer depletion; searches for those specific effects found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredContinuous use of synthetic fungicides leads to resistance.
“Continuous use leads to resistance”
Numerous studies have demonstrated that phytochemicals derived from plants have fungicidal effects.
“Numerous studies have demonstrated that phytochemicals derived from plants have fungicidal effects”
Synthetic fungicides have been used to manage plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi, but their use has been criticized due to unfavorable side effects.
“Synthetic fungicides have been employed to manage plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi but their use has been criticized due to unfavorable side effects.”
Farmers tend to choose chemical fungicides because creation of botanical fungicides necessitates specialized plants and takes a lot of time and effort.
“Farmers themselves can make botanical fungicides but they tend to choose chemical fungicides since the creation of botanical fungicides necessitates the use of specialized plants and takes a lot of time and effort.”
Widespread use of botanical fungicides is hindered by rigorous regulations, quick degradation, and variations in active ingredient composition with plants growing in various climatic situations.
“the widespread use of botanical fungicides is hindered by rigorous regulations, less lasting or quick degradation, and variations in the active ingredient composition with plants growing in various climatic situations.”
The main causes of low adoption for commercial-scale production are lack of adequate information and extension services at farmer level and sluggish results compared to synthetic fungicides.
“The main causes of their low adoption for production at a commercial scale are a lack of adequate information and extension services at the farmer's level and sluggish results compared to synthetic fungicides.”
Farmers are discouraged from using botanical fungicides because they are less effective than chemical fungicides and are not readily available on the market when needed.
“Farmers are discouraged from using botanical fungicides since they are less effective than chemical fungicides and are not readily available on the market when needed.”
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- Authors
- Bhandari, S., Yadav, P. K., & T Sarhan, A.
- Affiliations
- Agriculture and Forestry University (NP)
- Venue
- Reviews in Food and Agriculture
- Publisher
- Zibeline International Publishing
- Published
- 2021-05-03
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 63-68
- ISSN
- 2735-0312 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3209893426
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Reviews In Food And Agriculture (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Fungal Plant Pathogen Control
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
- Keywords
- botanical fungicides, plant-derived fungicides, phytochemicals, plant disease control, plant pathogenic fungi, commercialization barriers, barriers to adoption, sustainable agriculture, organic farming, integrated pest management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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