The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Delphi Panels: Research Design, Procedures, Advantages, and Challenges
Open accessAbstract
Among the typical dissertation research designs, one particular design that is slowly gaining acceptance is that of the Delphi Method. Using a panel of experts to achieve consensus in solving a problem, deciding the most appropriate course of action, or establishing causation where none previously existed, particularly in areas of business or education research, are uniquely ideal to employment of the design. This article reviews the origins of the method, provides detail on assembling the panel and executing the process, gives examples of conventional and modified Delphi designs, and summarizes the inherent advantages and disadvantages that the design brings. The article closes with some advice for those contemplating its use in their dissertations.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches
Creswell, J. W. (1994) · Cited by 35,204
Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches
Sloane-Seale, A. (2009) · Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education · doi:10.21225/d54s3d · Cited by 14,328
Interviewing as qualitative research a guide for researchers in education and the social sciences
Seidman, I. (2006) · Cited by 9,889
Practical Research: Planning and Design
Brent, E., & Leedy, P. D. (1990) · Teaching Sociology · doi:10.2307/1318509 · Cited by 9,309
An Experimental Application of the DELPHI Method to the Use of Experts
Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.9.3.458 · Cited by 6,061
The Delphi Technique: Making Sense of Consensus
Hsu, C.-C., & Sandford, B. A. (2007) · University of Massachusetts Amherst · doi:10.7275/pdz9-th90 · Cited by 4,500
The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications
J., J. E., Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (1976) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1268751 · Cited by 2,228
Consensus development methods, and their use in clinical guideline development.
Murphy, Black, Lamping, McKee, Sanderson, Askham, & Marteau (1998) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta2030 · Cited by 2,051
The Delphi technique: a worthwhile research approach for nursing?
McKenna, H. P. (1994) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01207.x · Cited by 1,144
The Delphi technique in health sciences education research
de Villiers, M. R., de Villiers, P. J. T., & Kent, A. P. (2005) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/13611260500069947 · Cited by 1,006
Cited by
Mirata, V., Hirt, F., Bergamin, P., & van der Westhuizen, C. (2020) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-020-00209-y · Cited by 135
“The recommendations on the required sample size are highly variable in the literature (Avella, 2016; Cochran, 1983; Delbecq, Van de Ven, & Gustafson, 1975; Häder, 2014; Skulmoski et al., 2007).”
BackgroundHow to use the Delphi method to aid in decision making and build consensus in pharmacy education
Olsen, A. A., Wolcott, M. D., Haines, S. T., Janke, K. K., & McLaughlin, J. E. (2021) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2021.07.018 · Cited by 115
Identifying nurse sensitive indicators specific to haemodialysis nursing: A Delphi approach
McIntyre, D., Coyer, F., & Bonner, A. (2020) · Collegian · doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2019.06.003 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- R Avella, J.
- Venue
- International Journal of Doctoral Studies
- Publisher
- Informing Science Institute
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 305-321
- ISSN
- 1556-8865 (ISSN-L)
- 1556-8881
- 1556-8873
- OpenAlex
- W2766394431
- Cited by
- 426
- References
- 26
- FWCI
- 48.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Delphi Panels: Research Design, Procedures, Advantages, and Challenges. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.28945/3561
- The paper
- R Avella, J. (2016). Delphi Panels: Research Design, Procedures, Advantages, and Challenges. International Journal of Doctoral Studies. https://doi.org/10.28945/3561
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
