Glucagonlike Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly—Benefits for Glucose Control and Weight Loss with Side Effects of Delaying Gastric Emptying
Open accessAbstract
Glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) are being increasingly used for glycemic control in patients with diabetes and for weight loss and weight management in obese subjects. There has been recent public awareness of the potential of GLP-1 RAs to delay gastric emptying and cause gastroparesis. By delaying gastric emptying, these agents can complicate the clinical evaluation of patients on these drugs by affecting diagnostic testing for gastroparesis. This article discusses GLP-1 RAs and their effects on gastric emptying, gastric food retention, and gastroparesis. This article highlights how physicians should be attuned to the gastric side effects of these popular therapeutic agents for blood glucose control in people with diabetes and for weight loss and weight management in obese patients.
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The gastric emptying-delaying effect of GLP-1 RAs may be underestimated because paracetamol absorption testing cannot quantify the actual volume or consistency of gastric contents.
“Therefore, the gastric emptying–delaying effect of GLP-1 RAs may be underestimated, warranting a more conservative approach in clinical practice.”
From Delayed gastric emptying induced by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and its implications for perioperative risk during anesthesia (2026) · cites this paper as [36]
The sections on gastric emptying and patient management state that GLP-1 RAs delay gastric emptying and recommend precautions in testing and clinical procedures. They do not say that the effect may be underestimated because paracetamol absorption testing cannot measure the volume or consistency of gastric contents; searches for paracetamol and underestimation found no such passage. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredParacetamol absorption testing, used to assess gastric emptying in the semaglutide studies, is limited by its inability to quantify the actual volume or consistency of gastric contents.
“However, both studies indirectly assessed gastric emptying through paracetamol absorption testing, a method limited by its inability to quantify the actual volume or consistency of gastric contents [36].”
From Delayed gastric emptying induced by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and its implications for perioperative risk during anesthesia (2026) · cites this paper as [36]
The ‘GLP-1 Agonists and Gastric Emptying Testing’ section (page unavailable) calls gastric emptying scintigraphy the gold standard for quantifying gastric emptying. Our copy does not discuss paracetamol absorption testing in semaglutide studies or say whether that test can quantify the volume or consistency of gastric contents (searched: paracetamol, acetaminophen, and those measurement terms). (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cites
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Beavers, K. M., Cortes, T. M., Foy, C. M., Dinkla, L., Reyes San Martin, F., Ard, J. D., Serra, M. C., & Beavers, D. P. (2025) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.24172 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kang, D., & Choi, D. (2026) · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.3904/kjim.2025.277 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Parkman, H. P., Rim, D. S., Anolik, J. R., Dadparvar, S., & Maurer, A. H.
- Affiliations
- Temple University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
- Publisher
- Society of Nuclear Medicine
- Published
- 2024-01-09
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-7
- ISSN
- 0091-4916 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-5675
- OpenAlex
- W4390699803
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 6.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Keywords
- GLP-1 receptor agonists, gastric emptying, gastroparesis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, weight loss, glycemic control, adverse drug reactions
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Gastric Emptying, Humans, Obesity, Peptides, Weight Loss, Gastroparesis, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
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