The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relocating the Deficit: Reimagining Black Youth in Neoliberal Times
Abstract
After-school community-based spaces are often recognized in political and educational discourse as institutions that “save” and “rescue” Black youth. Such rhetoric perpetuates an ethos of pathology that diminishes the agency of youth and their communities. Through ethnographic research with 20 youth workers at a college completion and youth development after-school program in the urban Northeast, findings indicate that tensions arise as youth workers strive to reimagine Black youth in humanizing ways despite pressures to frame them as broken and in need of fixing to compete for funding with charter schools. Data also reveal deep tensions in youth workers’ experiences as they critique neoliberal reforms that shape their work; yet, at the same time, they are forced to hold students to markers of success defined by neoliberal ideals. These tensions result in youth workers downplaying the social, cultural, and emotional dimensions of their work.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Through these new surveillances, Black youth are able to contest dominant media and policy narratives that frame Black youth as inherently criminal, violent, anti-intellectual, and ultimately disposable (Baldridge, 2014; Giroux, 2009).”
From “Thank You, Black Twitter”: State Violence, Digital Counterpublics, and Pedagogies of Resistance (2018) · cites this paper as Baldridge, 2014
Citations
Cites
Lincoln, Y. S., Guba, E. G., & Pilotta, J. J. (1985) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8 · Cited by 45,787
Handbook of Qualitative Research
Crozier, G., Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (1994) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3121684 · Cited by 26,666
A Brief History of Neoliberalism
Harvey, D. (2005) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199283262.001.0001 · Cited by 16,394
A Brief History of Neoliberalism
Harvey, D. B. (2020) · Pluto Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv17ppcd0.8 · Cited by 9,090
Handbook of qualitative research
Griffin, T. F. (1999) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6793(199907)16:4 · Cited by 9,061
Broome, J., & Sen, A. K. (1993) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2234727 · Cited by 3,249
From the Achievement Gap to the Education Debt: Understanding Achievement in U.S. Schools
Ladson-Billings, G. (2006) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x035007003 · Cited by 3,211
Suspending Damage: A Letter to Communities
Tuck, E. (2009) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.79.3.n0016675661t3n15 · Cited by 2,857
Rethinking Critical Theory and Qualitative Research
Kincheloe, J. L., & McLaren, P. L. (2011) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6091-397-6_23 · Cited by 2,572
Toward a psychology of positive youth development.
Larson, R. W. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.170 · Cited by 2,490
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Adelman C. (2000). Urbanicity and census division in the educational fate of disadvantaged students: Better targeting for outreach programs. In Oesterreich H. (Ed.), College preparation challenge (pp. 35–64). New York: State University of New York Press.
- Ashman B. (Producer), & Sackler M. (Director). (2010). The lottery [Motion picture]. New York, NY: Variance.
- Cannella C., Noguera P. (2006). Youth agency, resistance, and civic activism: The public commitment to social justice. In Ginwright S., Noguera P., Cammarota J. S. (Eds.), Beyond resistance! Youth activism and community change (pp. 333–347). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Chilcott L. (Producer), & Guggenheim D. (Director). (2010). Waiting for “Superman” [Motion picture]. Los Angeles, CA: Paramount Vantage.
- Ferguson A. A. (2001). Bad boys: Public schools and the making of Black masculinity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Freire P. (1970) Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York, NY: Herder and Herder.
- 10.1177/016146810210400203 · DOI
- Haymes S. (1995). Race, culture, and the city. Albany: State University of New York Press.
- Kirshner B. (2006). Apprenticeship learning in youth activism. In Ginwright S., Noguera P., Cammarota J. (Eds.), Beyond resistance! Youth activism and community change (pp. 37–58). New York, NY: Routledge.
- 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.170 · DOI
- 10.4135/9781452233826 · DOI
- Noguera P., Cannella C. (2006). Youth agency, resistance, and civic activism: The public commitment to social justice. In Ginwright S., Noguera P., Cammarota J. S. (Eds.), Beyond resistance! Youth activism and community change (pp. 333–347). New York, NY: Routledge.
Cited by
Items 101–200 of 207
Sadler, C. (2024) · Research on Equity and Sustained Participation in Engineering, Computing, and Technology (RESPECT) · doi:10.1145/3653666.3656080 · Cited by 5
Leider, C. M., Tigert, J. M., & Norova, N. (2024) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/01614681241252502 · Cited by 6
Park, D. J., Choi, W., Lee, W., & Shin, N. (2025) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth5020040 · Cited by 7
Homeless Youth of Color and the Shaping of Aspirations: The (Re)productive Role of Institutions
Robinson, S. R. (2018) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085918805802 · Cited by 5
Ignited fire: learning from black youth activists to cultivate justice-driven educational leadership
Wilson, C. M., Naomi Mae, W., & Horne, J. D. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2023.2233919 · Cited by 7
Turner, D. C. (2024) · Journal of Community Practice · doi:10.1080/10705422.2024.2432586 · Cited by 5
The Challenges of Putting Community First: Reflections on a University Center’s Process
Wegemer, C. M. (2020) · Michigan journal of community service learning · doi:10.3998/mjcsloa.3239521.0026.105 · Cited by 5
Holquist, S. E., & Walls, J. (2021) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/01614681211048658 · Cited by 5
Philp, K. D. (2022) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1080/00405841.2022.2107344 · Cited by 7
When WE See Us: Commentary on Black Adolescent Research by Black Male Youth Activists
Turner, D. C., Casimir, A., Jackson, J. “., Karunwi, E., & Miles, K. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12788 · Cited by 5
The imperative to support Black youths in resisting low and limiting expectations
Debrosse, R., Kapo, L. T., & Métayer, K. (2023) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12637 · Cited by 7
Walker, R., Cruse, B., Cora, A., & Breazeal, C. (2025) · Research on Equity and Sustained Participation in Engineering, Computing, and Technology (RESPECT) · doi:10.1145/3704637.3734770 · Cited by 4
High Expectations: Increasing Outcomes for Black Students in Urban Schools
Lewis, E., & Hunt, B. (2019) · Urban Education Research & Policy Annuals · doi:10.55370/uerpa.v6i2.893 · Cited by 4
Allied Attestations: Troubling a Progressive Goodwill and ‘Duty to Speak Out’
Chang, E., Serrano, U., & Kasper, J. (2023) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/10665684.2023.2192982 · Cited by 4
Ault, S. (2017) · USF Scholarship Repository (University of San Francisco) · Cited by 4
Redacting ‘Stock Stories’ of Education Inequities: Toward Legitimate Digital Participation
Chang, E. (2020) · International Journal of Multicultural Education · doi:10.18251/ijme.v22i2.2409 · Cited by 4
Singh, M. V. (2020) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2020.1829739 · Cited by 4
Clay, K. L. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315170152-3 · Cited by 4
Health, hygiene, and the formation of school subjects
Ziols, R., & Ghosh, A. R. (2022) · Discourse Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education · doi:10.1080/01596306.2022.2060939 · Cited by 4
Suchor, K. (2020) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146812012200715 · Cited by 3
Öztürk, N. (2025) · Policy Futures in Education · doi:10.1177/14782103251412478 · Cited by 3
Vega, B. E. (2022) · Journal for Multicultural Education · doi:10.1108/jme-07-2021-0116 · Cited by 3
Finesurrey, S., Dios, I. D., Eusebio, A., Harvey, A. M. W., Houck-Loomis, V., Mosquera, A., Narine, A., Santiago, N., Solomon, B., & Hernandez, J. V. (2024) · Middle School Journal · doi:10.1080/00940771.2024.2380616 · Cited by 3
Dortch, D., Pagán, M., Dollar, J., & Zheng, Z. (2024) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.70012 · Cited by 4
“Are We Not What We Seem?”: Infrapolitical Maneuvers in the Era of College and Career Readiness
Abad, M. N. (2020) · Anthropology & Education Quarterly · doi:10.1111/aeq.12341 · Cited by 4
Passing the Mic: Toward Culturally Responsive Out of School Time Leadership
Miller, I. A. (2020) · IJREE – International Journal for Research on Extended Education · doi:10.3224/ijree.v8i1.05 · Cited by 4
Ahrens, V., Cruz, E. H., Pasturczak, M., Bakken, L. L., & Moore, T. R. (2023) · Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation · doi:10.56645/jmde.v19i44.787 · Cited by 3
Contreras, M. G., Downing, V., Greer, C. D., & Baldridge, B. J. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009153720.030 · Cited by 3
Self-citationLivstrom, I. C., Roehrig, G., & Smith, A. R. (2020) · International Journal of Research on Service-Learning and Community Engagement · doi:10.37333/001c.18737 · Cited by 3
Marfo, E. A., Apatinga, G. A., & Salami, B. O. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/80859 · Cited by 2
Contracting Whiteness: Charter Authorizing and the Erasure of Blackness in Southern Urban Spaces
Lu, A., & Williams, R. E. (2023) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/00420859231175667 · Cited by 2
Understanding How Family Science Interns Conceptualize Social Justice
Garcia‐Reid, P., van Eeden‐Moorefield, B., Forenza, B., Reid, R. J., Eckert, C., & Lardier, D. T. (2016) · Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.1111/fcsr.12180 · Cited by 2
Complex Relationships: Youth-Serving Community-Based Non-Profits in the Urban Schooling Landscape
Cohen, A. (2025) · Education and Urban Society · doi:10.1177/00131245251342769 · Cited by 2
Evaluation Warriorship: Raising Shields to Redress the Influence of Capitalism on Program Evaluation
Robinson, N. (2021) · Genealogy · doi:10.3390/genealogy5010015 · Cited by 2
Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Psychosocial Dimensions of Adversity among Black Youth
Adams, C. J. (2022) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2022.2069452 · Cited by 2
Youth-Adult Partnerships that Foster Individual and Collective Wellbeing
Brion‐Meisels, G., Vasudevan, D. S., & Fei, J. T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12852-4_101-1 · Cited by 2
Aydan, S., Mamas, C., Park, K., Songolo, R. B., Mallén-Lacambra, C., & Tripathi, T. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0345-1.ch005 · Cited by 1
Critical Reflections on Tensions in Authentic Youth–Adult Partnerships
Medina, J. C., Baldridge, B. J., & Wiggins, T. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64113-977-920251006 · Cited by 1
Self-citationTurner, E. O., & Freidus, A. (2026) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x261428085 · Cited by 1
Everyday epistemic refusals: towards Asian American elsewheres
Ngo, B., Diep, B., & Wong, V. (2026) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2026.2640840 · Cited by 1
Hyde, B. (2023) · Globalisation, comparative education and policy research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15896-4_3 · Cited by 1
Purpose, Community, and Joy: Writing and Enacting a Scholarly Life of Advocacy and Activism
Rhoades, G. (2024) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51930-7_1-1 · Cited by 1
Decoupling education from racial capitalism: A framework for school abolition
Vasan, A., & Turner, K. (2025) · Curriculum Inquiry · doi:10.1080/03626784.2025.2529818 · Cited by 1
Geographies of Trust: A Politics of Resistance for an Alternative Education
Smyth, J. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-41291-1_25 · Cited by 1
Moses, M. S., & Wiley, K. E. (2019) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831219883587 · Cited by 1
Reconceptualizing Youth Sparks: A Sociocultural Approach to Co-Designing Programs for Somali Youth
Tzenis, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Human Sciences and Extension · doi:10.54718/gunb8631 · Cited by 1
Ventura, J. (2023) · Anthropology & Education Quarterly · doi:10.1111/aeq.12483 · Cited by 1
Neoliberalism and the Complexities of Conceptualizing Community School Policy for Racial Equity
Baxley, G. S. (2024) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/08959048241278294 · Cited by 1
Divinity, J. (2025) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/s11256-025-00761-9 · Cited by 1
Scott, T. (2021) · Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/9461137.0
"I Believe That We Will Win": An Autoethnography of My Journey Through Racialized Trauma
Holston, A. (2016) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries)
DiGiacomo, D. K. (2017) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
The Occupational Culture and Identity of Youth Workers: A Review of the Literature
Vasudevan, D. S. (2017) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
Murray, I. E. (2018) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Oseguera, L., Abad, M. N., Kirksey, J. J., Hinga, B. M., Conchas, G. Q., & Gottfried, M. A. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315558721-1
Book Review—Reclaiming Community: Race and the Uncertain Future of Youth Work
Miller, I. A. (2019) · Journal of Youth Development · doi:10.5195/jyd.2019.846
“I Feel Safe Out Here”: Youth Perspectives on Community-Based Organizations in Urban Neighborhoods
Wells, R., Wray‐Lake, L., Plummer, J. A., & Abrams, L. S. (2021) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/714132
“Why so Many Words?” Students’ Perspectives on College Access and Success Terminology
Provost, A. L., & Kohnen, A. M. (2022) · NASPA Journal · doi:10.1080/19496591.2022.2056475
Keast, S., & Sonn, C. C. (2022) · Anuario de Psicología/The UB Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1344/anpsic2022.52/1.33231
Becoming Neoliberal Subjects: Power and Identity Formation in a Mentorship Program for Latino Boys
Singh, M. (2019) · American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) · doi:10.3102/1438943
Bloomer, R. (2021) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3775
Agliano, S. (2022) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20455989
Neighborhood Institutions and Well-Being: Youth Perspectives From East Oakland
Mathias, B., & Hill, D. (2023) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/726231
Full Issue, Volume 10, Number 2
Fox, J., Peterson, D. J., & Cummings, S. R. (2022) · Journal of Human Sciences and Extension · doi:10.55533/2325-5226.1380
Youth-Adult Partnerships that Foster Individual and Collective Wellbeing
Brion‐Meisels, G., Vasudevan, D. S., & Fei, J. T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12852-4_101-2
Education and Engaged Research
Christens, B. D. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009153720.026
Introduction to the Special Issue: The Lives (and Futures) of Black Children and Youth
Brooms, D. R., & Medford, M. M. (2024) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spae039
Nalani, A. (2024) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12762
Introduction to the Special Issue: The Lives (and Futures) of Black Children and Youth
Brooms, D. R., & Medford, M. M. (2024) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spae062
Purpose, Community, and Joy: Writing and Enacting a Scholarly Life of Advocacy and Activism
Rhoades, G. (2025) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58698-9_1
Adolescent Black Youth Racialized Identity and Political Efficacy in a Neoliberal Society
Johnson, C. S. (2025) · Citizenship - Studien zur politischen Bildung · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-45757-0_7
Miles, R. M. (2025) · PDXScholar (Portland State University) · doi:10.15760/etd.3899
Elfreich, A., & Willey, C. (2025) · Culture Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies · doi:10.1177/15327086251361804
Hall, H. B. (2025) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/10665684.2025.2531348 · Cited by 1
Vance, F., & Vasudevan, D. S. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80592-273-520251008
Bergeson, C., Forenza, B., & Williams, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Progressive Human Services · doi:10.1080/10428232.2025.2573602
Burns, M. T. S., Bohnert, A. M., Brooks, B. D., Hayen, R., Boe, A., & Chen, E. (2025) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70072
Transformative Influence in OST Programs
Nelson, I. A. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-091-720251021
Hip-Hop Music-Making as a Context for Relational Equity Among youth and Youth Workers
Steenis, E. J. V., & Kirshner, B. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64113-977-920251020
Michael, J. D. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/book-978-1-64802-752-920251004
A Spectacle by Design: A Racialized Performance for Donor Dollars
Cohen, A. (2025) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584251394701
Ethical Dilemmas Experienced by Youth Workers
Walker, K., & Weiss, T. G. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-68123-565-320251017
Marsh, L. T. S., & Belkin, L. (2025) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-56275-4_187-1
“We Do Not Want to Give Up Our School”: A Case of Antiblackness in a Multiracial School Merger
Daramola, E. J., O’Neal, D., & Enoch-Stevens, T. (2026) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/00420859251405236
Reimagining Computing Education through Black Educational Spaces
Sadler, C. (2025) · Black Issues in Computing Education (BICE) · doi:10.1109/bice66290.2025.00011
Loury, J. A., Norris, J., & Levy, I. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2051-231720260000010020
Exploring the Iconic Ghetto in Urban Education
Clark, J. S. (2026) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/00420859261454629
Mak, J., Custers, A., Regenmortel, T. V., & Mathijssen, J. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.109055
(2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-669-020251013
(2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64113-796-620251003
(2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64113-796-620251002
Leading in Times of ‘Normal Madness’: On Rage, Love, and Refusing Despair
Cummins, A. J., & Chang, E. (2026) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/10665684.2026.2693139
Black Youth Work in Economic and Politically Precarious Times
Neumann, E. (2026) · Society · doi:10.1007/s12115-026-01270-5
Between love and lovelessness: community-based youth work organisations pursuing social change
Redan, S., & Kaulingfreks, F. (2026) · International Journal of Social Pedagogy · doi:10.14324/111.444.ijsp.2026.v15.x.016
Sigodo, K. O. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10778735/v1
Davis-Grant, C. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80686-327-320261014
Impact Through Systems Level Interventions
(2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80686-327-320261022
A Pillar of Tension: The Role of Out-Of-School Time in Community Schools
Heath, R. D., Hoffman, R., & Saintal, A. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80686-327-320261006
Metadata
- Authors
- Baldridge, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baldridge, Bianca J.
- ORCID
- Baldridge, Bianca J.
- Venue
- American Educational Research Journal
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 440-472
- ISSN
- 0002-8312 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-1011
- OpenAlex
- W2161850907
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 26.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Educational Research Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Youth Development and Social Support
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Education Discipline and Inequality
- Keywords
- Black youth, after-school programs, youth workers, deficit discourse, youth development, college completion, neoliberalism, urban education, youth agency, community-based education, charter schools
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.