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Cited by 216Extraction and Separation ProcessesMetal Extraction and BioleachingMolten salt chemistry and electrochemical processes

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Lithium extraction from hard rock lithium ores (spodumene, lepidolite, zinnwaldite, petalite): Technology, resources, environment and cost

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Tian-ming, Gao, MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China, Na, Fan, Wu, Chen, Tao, Dai, Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, China, China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Corp., LTD Beijing Branch, Beijing 100012, China, SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark·2023·China Geology
DOI 10.31035/cg2022088
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Abstract

This paper focuses on the research progress of extracting lithium from spodumene, lepidolite, petalite and zinnwaldite by acid, alkali, salt roasting and chlorination methods, and analyzes the resource intensity, environmental impact and production cost of industrial lithium extraction from spodumene and lepidolite. It is found that sulfuric acid method has high lithium recovery rate, but with complicated process and high energy consumption; Alkali and chlorination methods can directly react with lithium ores, reducing energy consumption, but need to optimize reaction conditions and safety of equipment and operation; Salt roasting method has large material flux and high energy consumption, so require adjustment of sulfate ratio to increase the lithium yield and reduce production cost. Compared with extracting lithium from brine, extracting lithium from ores, calcination, roasting, purity and other processes consume more resources and energy; and its environmental impact mainly comes from the pollutants discharged by fossil energy, 9.3~60.4 times that of lithium extracted from brine. The processing cost of lithium extraction from lepidolite by sulfate roasting method is higher than that from spodumene by sulfuric acid due to the consumption of high value sulfate.

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Metadata

Authors
Tian-ming, G., MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, I. O. M. R. C. A. O. G. S., Na, F., Wu, C., Tao, D., Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, C. G. S., China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Corp., L. B. B., & SDU Life Cycle Engineering, D. O. G. T.
Affiliations
China Geological Survey (CN)
Venue
China Geology
Publisher
China Geology
Published
2023
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
137-153
ISSN
  • 2096-5192 (ISSN-L)
  • 2589-9430
DOI
10.31035/cg2022088
OpenAlex
W4312792310
Cited by
216
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 71 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 9
FWCI
13.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • China Geology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72088101, 71991480, 71991484, 2021YFC2901801, 41971265)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Metal Extraction and Bioleaching
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Electrochemistry › Molten salt chemistry and electrochemical processes
Keywords
lithium recovery, spodumene, lepidolite, zinnwaldite, petalite, sulfuric acid leaching, alkaline leaching, chlorination, energy consumption, production costs, environmental impact, lithium resources

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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