Extraction of lithium from primary and secondary sources by pre-treatment, leaching and separation: A comprehensive review

Global lithium resources: relative importance of pegmatite, brine and other deposits

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Global Lithium Availability: A Constraint for Electric Vehicles?

Gruber, P. W., Medina, P. A., Keoleian, G. A., Kesler, S. E., Everson, M. P., & Wallington, T. J. (2011) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00359.x · Cited by 620 · see citing works

Recovery of lithium from Uyuni salar brine

An, J. W., Kang, D. J., Tran, K. T., Kim, M. J., Lim, T., & Tran, T. (2012) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.02.008 · Cited by 509 · cited 1× · see citing works

Vacuum pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Sun, L., & Qiu, K. (2011) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.114 · Cited by 493 · see citing works

A Review of Extractive Processes for Lithium from Ores and Brines

Averill, W. A., & Olson, D. L. (1978) · Energy · doi:10.1016/0360-5442(78)90027-0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Harper, G., Sommerville, R., Kendrick, E., Driscoll, L., Slater, P., Stolkin, R., Walton, A., Christensen, P., Heidrich, O., Lambert, S., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1682-5 · Cited by 3,890 · see citing works

Recycling End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries

Chen, M., Ma, X., Chen, B., Arsenault, R., Karlson, P., Simon, N., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.09.014 · Cited by 1,316 · see citing works

Toward sustainable and systematic recycling of spent rechargeable batteries

Zhang, X., Li, L., Fan, E., Xue, Q., Bian, Y., Wu, F., & Chen, R. (2018) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c8cs00297e · Cited by 1,038 · see citing works

Membrane-based technologies for lithium recovery from water lithium resources: A review

Li, X., Mo, Y., Qing, W., Shao, S., Tang, C. Y., & Li, J. (2019) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117317 · Cited by 756 · see citing works

Lithium recovery from brines: A vital raw material for green energies with a potential environmental impact in its mining and processing

Flexer, V., Baspineiro, C. F., & Galli, C. I. (2018) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.223 · Cited by 768 · see citing works

Lithium market research – global supply, future demand and price development

Martin, G., Rentsch, L., Höck, M., & Bertau, M. (2017) · Energy Storage Materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2016.11.004 · Cited by 740 · see citing works

Recent advances in magnesium/lithium separation and lithium extraction technologies from salt lake brine

Sun, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, Y., Yun, R., & Xiang, X. (2021) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117807 · Cited by 685 · see citing works

Advance review on the exploitation of the prominent energy-storage element: Lithium. Part I: from mineral and brine resources

Choubey, P. K., Kim, M.-S., Srivastava, R. R., Lee, J.-C., & Lee, J.-Y. (2016) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2016.01.010 · Cited by 529 · see citing works

Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Recovery: A Comprehensive and Critical Review

Battistel, A., Palagonia, M. S., Brogioli, D., La Mantia, F., & Trócoli, R. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201905440 · Cited by 504 · see citing works

Novel approaches for lithium extraction from salt-lake brines: A review

Liu, G., Zhao, Z., & Ghahreman, A. (2019) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.05.005 · Cited by 465 · see citing works

Lithium recovery from brine: Recent developments and challenges

Khalil, A., Mohammed, S., Hashaikeh, R., & Hilal, N. (2022) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2022.115611 · Cited by 396 · see citing works

Materials for lithium recovery from salt-lake brine

Xu, P., Hong, J., Qian, X., Xu, Z., Xia, H., Tao, X., Xu, Z., & Ni, Q.-Q. (2021) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/s10853-020-05019-1 · Cited by 296 · see citing works

Advance review on the exploitation of the prominent energy-storage element Lithium. Part II: From sea water and spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs)

Choubey, P. K., Chung, K.-S., Kim, M.-S., Lee, J.-C., & Srivastava, R. R. (2017) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2017.04.008 · Cited by 290 · see citing works

Technology for the Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines

Stringfellow, W. T., & Dobson, P. F. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14206805 · Cited by 293 · see citing works

Challenges for sustainable lithium supply: A critical review

Alessia, A., Alessandro, B., Maria, V.-G., Carlos, V.-A., & Francesca, B. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126954 · Cited by 235 · see citing works

Recycled Lithium from Simulated Pyrometallurgical Slag by Chlorination Roasting

Dang, H., Wang, B., Chang, Z., Wu, X., Feng, J., Zhou, H., Li, W., & Sun, C. (2018) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02713 · Cited by 216 · see citing works

Electrochemical Technologies for Lithium Recovery from Liquid Resources: A Review

Wang, J., Yue, X., Wang, P., Yu, T., Du, X., Hao, X., Abudula, A., & Guan, G. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111813 · Cited by 211 · see citing works

Further investigation into lithium recovery from salt-lake brines with different feed characteristics by electrodialysis

Nie, X.-Y., Sun, S.-Y., Song, X., & Yu, J.-G. (2017) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2017.02.020 · Cited by 195 · see citing works

Efficient Lithium Extraction by Membrane Capacitive Deionization Incorporated with Monovalent Selective Cation Exchange Membrane

Shi, W., Liu, X., Ye, C., Cao, X., Gao, C., & Shen, J. (2019) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.006 · Cited by 190 · see citing works

Greening extractivism: Environmental discourses and resource governance in the 'Lithium Triangle'

Voskoboynik, D. M., & Andreucci, D. (2022) · Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/25148486211006345 · Cited by 186 · see citing works

Study on extraction of lithium from salt-lake brine by membrane electrolysis

Liu, X., Chen, X., He, L., & Zhao, Z. (2015) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2015.08.013 · Cited by 176 · see citing works

Lithium recovery from salt lake brine by counter-current extraction using tributyl phosphate/FeCl 3 in methyl isobutyl ketone

Xiang, W., Liang, S., Zhou, Z., Qin, W., & Fei, W. (2017) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.04.007 · Cited by 154 · see citing works

Separating Lithium and Magnesium in Brine by Aluminum-Based Materials

Liu, X., Zhong, M., Chen, X., & Zhao, Z. (2018) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.01.005 · Cited by 153 · see citing works

Extraction of lithium from β-spodumene using sodium sulfate solution

Kuang, G., Liu, Y., Li, H., Xing, S., Li, F., & Guo, H. (2018) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.02.015 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Simulation-based Life Cycle Assessment for hydrometallurgical recycling of mixed Lib and nimh waste

Rinne, M., Elomaa, H., Porvali, A., & Lundström, M. (2021) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105586 · Cited by 124 · see citing works

Sustainable Lithium Recovery from Hypersaline Salt-Lakes by Selective Electrodialysis: Transport and Thermodynamics

Foo, Z. H., Thomas, J. B., Heath, S. M., Garcia, J. A., & Lienhard, J. H. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c04472 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

A promising approach for directly extracting lithium from α-spodumene by alkaline digestion and precipitation as phosphate

Song, Y., Zhao, T., He, L., Zhao, Z., & Liu, X. (2019) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105141 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Adsorption-type aluminium-based direct lithium extraction: The effect of heat, salinity and lithium content

Boroumand, Y., & Razmjou, A. (2024) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2024.117406 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Effects of mechanical activation on lithium extraction from a lepidolite ore concentrate

Vieceli, N., Nogueira, C. A., Pereira, M. F. C., Dias, A. P. S., Durão, F. O., Guimarães, C., & Margarido, F. (2017) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2016.12.001 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Lithium mining: accelerating the transition to sustainable energy

Sterba, J., Krzemień, A., Riesgo Fernández, P., Escanciano García-Miranda, C., & Fidalgo Valverde, G. (2019) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.05.002 · Cited by 105 · see citing works

Extended Life Cycle Assessment Reveals the Spatially-Explicit Water Scarcity Footprint of a Lithium-Ion Battery Storage

Schomberg, A. C., Bringezu, S., & Flörke, M. (2021) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-020-00080-9 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Enhanced acid treatment to extract lithium from lepidolite with a fluorine-based chemical method

Guo, H., Kuang, G., Wan, H., Yang, Y., Yu, H.-Z., & Wang, H.-D. (2019) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.10.020 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Rethinking residential consumers' behavior in discarding obsolete mobile phones in China

Tan, Q., Duan, H., Liu, L., Yang, J., & Li, J. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.244 · Cited by 89 · see citing works

Potential water recovery during lithium mining from high salinity brines

Baspineiro, C. F., Franco, J., & Flexer, V. (2020) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137523 · Cited by 83 · see citing works

Comparison of three different bioleaching systems for Li recovery from lepidolite

Sedlakova-Kadukova, J., Marcincakova, R., Luptakova, A., Vojtko, M., Fujda, M., & Pristas, P. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71596-5 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Assessment of a spodumene ore by advanced analytical and mass spectrometry techniques to determine its amenability to processing for the extraction of lithium

Aylmore, M. G., Merigot, K., Rickard, W. D. A., Evans, N. J., McDonald, B. J., Catovic, E., & Spitalny, P. (2018) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2018.01.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Bio-inspired fabrication of Ester-functionalized imprinted composite membrane for rapid and high-efficient recovery of lithium ion from seawater

Yu, C., Lu, J., Dai, J., Dong, Z., Lin, X., Xing, W., Wu, Y., & Ma, Z. (2020) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2020.03.091 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene

Fosu, A. Y., Kanari, N., Vaughan, J., & Chagnes, A. (2020) · Metals · doi:10.3390/met10101312 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Lithium and Magnesium Separation from Brines by Hybrid Capacitive Deionization

Siekierka, A. (2022) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2022.115569 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Lithium iron manganese oxide as an adsorbent for capturing lithium ions in hybrid capacitive deionization with different electrical modes

Siekierka, A. (2020) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116234 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Recovery of Li and Co from LiCoO2 via Hydrometallurgical–Electrodialytic Treatment

Cerrillo-Gonzalez, M. M., Villen-Guzman, M., Vereda-Alonso, C., Gomez-Lahoz, C., Rodriguez-Maroto, J. M., & Paz-Garcia, J. M. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10072367 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Lithium dedicated adsorbent for the preparation of electrodes useful in the ion pumping method

Siekierka, A., Kujawa, J., Kujawski, W., & Bryjak, M. (2018) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.045 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Lithium: An energy transition element, its role in the future energy demand and carbon emissions mitigation strategy

Chandrasekharam, D., Şener, M. F., Recepoğlu, Y. K., Isık, T., Demir, M. M., & Baba, A. (2024) · Geothermics · doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.102959 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Spodumene tailings for porcelain and structural materials: effect of temperature (1050–1200  °C) on the sintering and properties

Lemougna, P. N., Yliniemi, J., Ismailov, A., Levanen, E., Tanskanen, P., Kinnunen, P., Roning, J., & Illikainen, M. (2019) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2019.105843 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Operation of Three-Stage Process of Lithium Recovery from Geothermal Brine: Simulation

Kalmykov, D., Makaev, S., Golubev, G., Eremeev, I., Vasilevsky, V., Song, J., He, T., & Volkov, A. (2021) · Membranes · doi:10.3390/membranes11030175 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Computational Discovery of Li-M-O Ion Exchange Materials for Lithium Extraction from Brines

Snydacker, D. H., Hegde, V. I., Aykol, M., & Wolverton, C. (2018) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b03509 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Recovery lithium and potassium from lepidolite via potash calcination-leaching process

Kuai, Y., Yao, W., Ma, H., Liu, M., Gao, Y., & Guo, R. (2021) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106643 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Lithium and water: Hydrosocial impacts across the life cycle of energy storage

Blair, J. J. A., Vineyard, N., Mulvaney, D., Cantor, A., Sharbat, A., Berry, K., Bartholomew, E., & Ornelas, A. F. (2024) · WIREs Water · doi:10.1002/wat2.1748 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Current and Future Impacts of Lithium Carbonate from Brines: A Global Regionalized Life Cycle Assessment Model

Schenker, V., & Pfister, S. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c12619 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Thermo-Osmosis-Coupled Thermally Regenerative Electrochemical Cycle for Efficient Lithium Extraction

Yuan, Z., Yu, Y., Wei, L., Wang, C., Zhong, X., Sui, X., Yu, Z., Han, D. S., Shon, H., & Chen, Y. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.0c20464 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Aspects of Spodumene Lithium Extraction Techniques

Nandihalli, N., Chouhan, R. K., Kuchi, R., & Hlova, I. Z. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16198513 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Hybrid capacitive deionization with anion-exchange membranes for lithium extraction

Siekierka, A., & Bryjak, M. (2017) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20172200157 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Separation of Lithium from Aluminum-Containing Clay Mineral Leachate Solution Using Energy-Efficient Membrane Solvent Extraction

Wagh, P., Islam, S. Z., Lamichhane, T. N., Bhave, R. R., & Paranthaman, M. P. (2023) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c05009 · Cited by 20 · see citing works