Event-related potentials during an auditory discrimination with prepulse inhibition in patients with schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy subjects
Open accessAbstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a measure of the influence of a stimulus (S1) on the response elicited by a second stimulus (S2) occurring shortly afterwards. Most S1/S2 measures of gating have used behavioural startle and the P50 event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes to detect PPI in a simple paired stimulus paradigm. We report on two behavioural (reaction time, RT, and the electromyographically recorded response of the musculus orbicularis oculi, EMG) and 5 ERP measures of PPI where S2 was the target in an auditory two-tone discrimination. Subjects were 21 healthy controls (CON), 11 obsessive-compulsive (OCD) and 9 schizophrenic patients (SCH). The prepulse 100 ms before S2 induced more omission errors and longer RTs compared to 500ms S1-S2 interval in all subjects. PPI was also evident in EMG, P50, N1, P3 but not P2 or N2 amplitudes of CON subjects. SCH patients showed attenuation of PPI on the same measures. OCD patients were characterized only by their slow RT and a marginal attenuation of PPI of the EMG response. A correlational analysis implied separate relationships of ERP indices of PPI to the cognitive and psychomotor consequences of the prepulse on behavioural and discrimination responses. However, SCH patients showed a general rather than a specific impairment of these indices.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several studies reporting associations between P300 and Stroop interference, Trail-Making Test performance, feedback-guided behaviour, or executive functioning were judged to have a serious overall risk of bias.
“In contrast, several studies reporting associations between P300 and Stroop interference, Trail-Making Test performance, feedback-guided behaviour, or executive functioning were judged to have a serious overall risk of bias [21,27,30,31,47,53,55].”
From Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Systematic and Mechanistic Review of EEG, ERP, and QEEG Evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
The Relationships Between Measures section (p. 13) reports that the P3 response was related to omission errors, perceptual sensitivity, and response criterion in an auditory discrimination task. It does not report associations with Stroop interference, Trail-Making Test performance, feedback-guided behaviour, or an executive-function measure. The serious-risk-of-bias judgment is the citing authors’ assessment, not a finding this source would need to state. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe weaker P50 findings in study [47] may reflect the fact that active discrimination tasks recruit multiple later processes that can compensate for, override, or obscure early sensory-gating abnormalities.
“Therefore, the weaker P50 findings in study [47] may reflect the fact that active discrimination tasks recruit multiple later processes that can compensate for, override, or obscure early sensory-gating abnormalities.”
From Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Systematic and Mechanistic Review of EEG, ERP, and QEEG Evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
The SCH vs CON Groups section (p. 15) reports P50 gating differences during an active discrimination task, alongside effects on later measures. The interpretation (p. 16) discusses resilient information-processing mechanisms, but does not say that later processes compensated for, overrode, or obscured an early P50 abnormality; it describes the schizophrenia P50 result as a replication, not a weaker finding. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the auditory prepulse-inhibition study, other ERP components, particularly P50, N1, and P3, were more informative than N2.
“In this study, other ERP components, particularly P50, N1, and P3, were more informative, while cognitive-performance associations were mainly related to reaction-time slowing and later target-related P3 differentiation rather than to N2 activity [47].”
In the auditory prepulse-inhibition study, N2 amplitude was not meaningfully modulated by the short versus long S1-S2 interval, and there were no clear group differences indicating abnormal N2 processing in OCD.
“N2 amplitude was not meaningfully modulated by the short versus long S1–S2 interval, and there were no clear group differences indicating abnormal N2 processing in OCD.”
In the auditory prepulse-inhibition study, OCD patients showed behavioural impairment, including slower responses and more omission errors than controls.
“Although OCD patients showed behavioural impairment, including slower responses and more omission errors than controls, the N2 component did not show a reliable prepulse-inhibition effect.”
In the auditory prepulse-inhibition study, N2 did not appear to capture the cognitive consequences of prepulse interference.
“Thus, despite evidence of altered behavioural performance and reduced physiological gating on other measures, N2 did not appear to capture the cognitive consequences of prepulse interference.”
In the auditory prepulse-inhibition study, the N2 component did not show a reliable prepulse-inhibition effect.
“Although OCD patients showed behavioural impairment, including slower responses and more omission errors than controls, the N2 component did not show a reliable prepulse-inhibition effect.”
In study [47], the study did not identify CNV as the principal electrophysiological marker distinguishing OCD patients from healthy controls.
“CNV was included among the physiological variables examined in relation to behavioural performance, but the study did not identify CNV as the principal electrophysiological marker distinguishing OCD patients from healthy controls.”
In study [47], the strongest ERP findings concerned other components, particularly P50, N1, and P3.
“Instead, the strongest ERP findings concerned other components, particularly P50, N1, and P3.”
In study [47], the available results do not indicate a clear OCD-specific abnormality in CNV amplitude.
“However, the available results do not indicate a clear OCD-specific abnormality in CNV amplitude.”
In study [47], patients with OCD made more omission errors than controls, responded more slowly, and showed a more conservative response style.
“Patients with OCD made more omission errors than controls, responded more slowly, and showed a more conservative response style.”
In study [47], regression analyses indicated that physiological and behavioural prepulse-related measures explained a substantial proportion of variance in omission errors, perceptual sensitivity, and response criterion.
“Regression analyses indicated that physiological and behavioural prepulse-related measures explained a substantial proportion of variance in omission errors, perceptual sensitivity, and response criterion.”
In study [47], later target-processing indices, particularly P3 differentiation between target and non-target stimuli, were more strongly related to omission errors and perceptual sensitivity.
“Moreover, later target-processing indices, particularly P3 differentiation between target and non-target stimuli, were more strongly related to omission errors and perceptual sensitivity.”
In study [47], the short 100 ms prepulse interval increased omission errors and tended to slow responses.
“The short 100 ms prepulse interval increased omission errors and tended to slow responses, indicating that close temporal interference from the prepulse affected target detection and response execution.”
In study [47], early physiological gating indices such as P50-PPI and EMG-PPI were not significantly related to discrimination performance.
“In contrast, early physiological gating indices such as P50-PPI and EMG-PPI were not significantly related to discrimination performance, and the summary does not report a specific CNV-performance association.”
In study [47], greater slowing in the short-interval condition was associated with poorer perceptual sensitivity and a more conservative response criterion.
“Nevertheless, the clearest cognitive association was observed for reaction-time prepulse inhibition: greater slowing in the short-interval condition was associated with poorer perceptual sensitivity and a more conservative response criterion.”
Later target-processing measures, particularly target/non-target P3 differentiation, were more strongly associated with omission errors, perceptual sensitivity, and response criterion.
“Instead, later target-processing measures, particularly target/non-target P3 differentiation, were more strongly associated with omission errors, perceptual sensitivity, and response criterion.”
The reduced P50-PPI effect in OCD was weaker and less consistently robust than the abnormalities observed in schizophrenia.
“but this effect was weaker and less consistently robust than the abnormalities observed in schizophrenia.”
In study [47], the reduced P50-PPI effect in OCD suggested that early sensory gating may again be attenuated.
“The reduced P50-PPI effect in OCD suggested that early sensory gating may again be attenuated”
P50-PPI was not the electrophysiological measure most closely linked to task performance.
“More importantly, P50-PPI was not the electrophysiological measure most closely linked to task performance.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Journal of experimental psychology: Human Perception and performance
Jong, R. D., Coles, M. G. H., Logan, G. D., & Gratton, G. (1987) · Journal of Sound and Vibration · doi:10.1016/0022-460x(87)90423-8 · Cited by 5,411 · see citing works
Bunney, W. E., Hippius, H., Laakmann, G., & Schmauß, M. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74034-3 · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
Strategies and models of selective attention.
Treisman, A. (1969) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0027242 · Cited by 1,241 · see citing works
Prestimulus Effects on Human Startle Reflex in Normals and Schizophrenics
BRAFF, D. L., Stone, C., Callaway, E., Geyer, M. A., Glick, I. D., & Bali, L. (1978) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01390.x · Cited by 1,171 · see citing works
Spatial filtering during visual search: Evidence from human electrophysiology.
Luck, S. J., & Hillyard, S. A. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.20.5.1000 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Hs, H. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 1,057 · see citing works
Gating and Habituation of the Startle Reflex in Schizophrenic Patients
Braff, D. L. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820030038005 · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works
Posner, M. I., & Dehaene, S. (1994) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90078-7 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Adler, L. E., Pachtman, E., Franks, R. D., Pecevich, M., Waldo, M. C., & Freedman, R. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Statistical Theory of Signal Detection
(1968) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-02193-7 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Statistical Theory Of Signal Detection
Helstrom, C. W., & Wilson, F. L. (1970) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3022201 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Rorsman, B., Hagnell, O., Lanke, J., Baron, M., Levitt, M., Gruen, R. S., de Bonis, M., Baqué, E. F. I., Rinieris, P., Rabavilas, A. D., et al. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000117925 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Cerebral glucose metabolism in childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder
Swedo, S. E. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810060038007 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Differential Performance of Acute and Chronic Schizophrenics in a Latent Inhibition Task
Baruch, I., HEMSLEY, D. R., & Gray, J. A. (1988) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198810000-00004 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
The Mammalian Startle Response
Davis, M. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2286-1_10 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Pfefferbaum, A., Wenegrat, B., Ford, J. M., Roth, W. T., & Kopell, B. S. (1984) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section · doi:10.1016/0168-5597(84)90027-3 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Mismatch negativity: An index of a preattentive processing deficit in schizophrenia
Shelley, A. M., Ward, P. B., Catts, S. V., Michie, P. T., Andrews, S., & McConaghy, N. (1991) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90126-7 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Deficits in Sensory Gating in Schizophrenic Patients and Their Relatives
Siegel, C. H. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790170081009 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
A preliminary assessment of sensorimotor gating in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder
Swerdlow, N. R., Benbow, C. H., Zisook, S., Geyer, M. A., & BRAFF, D. L. (1993) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(93)90300-3 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Perceptual organization in schizophrenia
Schwartz Place, E. J., & Gilmore, G. C. (1980) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.89.3.409 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Sensory gating deficits in schizophrenia: new results
Judd, L. L., McAdams, L. A., Budnick, B., & BRAFF, D. L. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.4.488 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Sensory gating in schizophrenics and normal controls: Effects of changing stimulation interval
Nagamoto, H. T., Adler, L. E., Waldo, M. C., & Freedman, R. (1989) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90215-1 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Scarone, S., Colombo, C., Livian, S., Abbruzzese, M., Ronchi, P., Locatelli, M., Scotti, G., & Smeraldi, E. (1992) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/0925-4927(92)90005-o · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Pigott, T. A. (1990) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810220042005 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Swerdlow, N. R., & Geyer, M. A. (1993) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.107.1.104 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Event-related potentials in schizophrenics
Roth, W. T., Horvath, T., Pfefferbaum, A., & Kopell, B. S. (1980) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(80)90299-0 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Attention and schizophrenia: Impaired modulation of the startle reflex.
Dawson, M. E., Hazlett, E. A., Filion, D. L., Nuechterlein, K. H., & al, E. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.102.4.633 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Swerdlow, N. R., BRAFF, D. L., & Geyer, M. A. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)91754-5 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Swerdlow, N. R., & Geyer, M. A. (1993) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.107.1.104 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Bubser, M., & Koch, M. (1994) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02245228 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Gating of auditory response in schizophrenics and normal controls
Nagamoto, H. T., Adler, L. E., Waldo, M. C., Griffith, J. M., & Freedman, R. (1991) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(91)90007-e · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Attention and schizophrenia: Impaired modulation of the startle reflex.
Dawson, M. E., Hazlett, E. A., Filion, D. L., et al. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.102.4.633 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Plasticity of the acoustic startle response in the acutely decerebrate rat.
Davis, M., & Gendelman, P. M. (1977) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077345 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Hackley, S. A., Woldorff, M. G., & Hillyard, S. A. (1987) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00343.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
P300, Probability, and Interstimulus Interval
Polich, J. M. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02333.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie
Reichmann, H. (2014) · Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie · doi:10.1055/s-0034-1385159 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The time course of information-processing deficits in schizophrenia
BRAFF, D. L., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (1985) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.142.2.170 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Schwarzkopf, S. B., Lamberti, J. S., & Smith, D. A. (1993) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(93)90023-7 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Sensory gating in normals and schizophrenics: A failure to find strong P50 suppression in normals
Kathmann, N., & Engel, R. R. (1990) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(90)90419-3 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Baker, N. J., Staunton, M., Adler, L. E., Gerhardt, G. A., Drebing, C. J., Waldo, M. C., Nagamoto, H. T., & Freedman, R. (1990) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(90)90443-6 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Recent advances in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Rapoport, J. L. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Hoffman, D. C., Donovan, H., & Cassella, J. V. (1993) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02244950 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Schupp, H. T., Lutzenberger, W., Rau, H., & Birbaumer, N. (1994) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(94)90005-1 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The P50 component of the auditory evoked potential and subtypes of schizophrenia
Boutros, N. N., Zouridakis, G., Rustin, T. A., Peabody, C. A., & Warner, D. (1993) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(93)90082-r · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Test-retest reliability of the P50 mid-latency auditory evoked response
Boutros, N. N., Overall, J. E., & Zouridakis, G. (1991) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(91)90086-5 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Hammond, G. R. (1973) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(73)90304-1 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Defects in auditory sensory gating and their apparent compensation in relatives of schizophrenics
Waldo, M. C., Adler, L. E., & Freedman, R. (1988) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(88)90035-7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Sensory Gating and Inhibitory Function in Late-life Schizophrenia
McDowd, J. M., Filion, D. L., Harris, M. J., & BRAFF, D. L. (1993) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/19.4.733 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Attention and Para‐Attentional Processing. Event‐Related Brain Potentials as Tests of a Model
Pribram, K. H., & McGuinness, D. (1992) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb22839.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Auditory sensory gating and catecholamine metabolism in schizophrenic and normal subjects
Waldo, M. C., Gerhardt, G. A., Baker, N. J., Drebing, C. J., Adler, L. E., & Freedman, R. (1992) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(92)90066-c · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Schizophrenia: Empirical Research and Findings
Moros, E. G., & Oades, R. D. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationA Reticulothalamic System Mediating Proprioceptive Attention and Tremor in Man
Velasco, F., & Velasco, M. (1979) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/00006123-197901000-00006 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Zwangszustände und Schizophrenie
Schneider, K. A. (1925) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/bf01814173 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Oades, R. D., R�pcke, B., & Eggers, C. (1994) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/bf01277936 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationLead stimulation effects on reflex blink, exogenous brain potentials, and loudness judgments
Perlstein, W. M., FIORITO, E. R., Simons, R. F., & Graham, F. K. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02056.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Whole blood serotonin in juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder
Hanna, G. L., Yuwiler, A., & Cantwell, D. P. (1991) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90193-p · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Wu, M., Jenden, D. J., Fairchild, M. D., & Siegel, J. M. (1993) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.107.2.306 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Opiate-dopamine interactions in the neural substrates of acoustics startle gating in the rat
Swerdlow, N. R., Caine, S. B., & Geyer, M. A. (1991) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0278-5846(91)90072-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Frontal cortical lesions and prestimulus inhibition of the rat’s acoustic startle reaction
Hammond, G. R. (1974) · Physiological Psychology · doi:10.3758/bf03333016 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wu, M., Jenden, D. J., Fairchild, M. D., et al. (1993) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.107.2.306 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Oades, R. D. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationOades, R. D., Zerbin, D., & Eggers, C. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9263-4_15 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationOades, R. D., Bunk, D., & Eggers, C. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationEggers, C. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02684-7_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
BRAFF, D. L., Geyer, M. A., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2001) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130100810 · Cited by 1,701 · see citing works
Swerdlow, N. R., BRAFF, D. L., & Geyer, M. A. (2000) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-200006000-00002 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Symptom Correlates of Prepulse Inhibition Deficits in Male Schizophrenic Patients
BRAFF, D. L., Swerdlow, N. R., & Geyer, M. A. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.4.596 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Swerdlow, N. R., Light, G. A., Cadenhead, K. S., Sprock, J., Hsieh, M. H., & Braff, D. L. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.12.1325 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Alcoholism is a disinhibitory disorder: neurophysiological evidence from a Go/No-Go task
Kamarajan, C., Bernice Porjesz, A., Jones, K. A., Choi, K., Chorlian, D. B., Padmanabhapillai, A., Rangaswamy, M., Stimus, A. T., & Begleiter, H. (2004) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.08.004 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
The therapeutic potential of CRF1 antagonists for anxiety
Zorrilla, E., & Koob, G. (2004) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.13.7.799 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Oades, R. D. (1998) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00172-1 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationReduced prepulse inhibition in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients
Kumari, V., Das, M., Zachariah, E., Ettinger, U., & Sharma, T. (2005) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00346.x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Audiovisual emotion recognition in schizophrenia: Reduced integration of facial and vocal affect
de Jong, J. J., Hodiamont, P. P. G., den Stock, J. V., & de Gelder, B. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.10.001 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Lower Prepulse Inhibition in Children With the 22q11 Deletion Syndrome
Sobin, C. A., Kiley‐Brabeck, K., & Karayiorgou, M. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1090 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Oxytocin as a natural antipsychotic: a study using oxytocin knockout mice
Caldwell, H. K., Stephens, S. L., & Young, W. S. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002150 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Pandey, A. K., Kamarajan, C., Tang, Y., Chorlian, D. B., Roopesh, B. N., Manz, N., Stimus, A. T., Rangaswamy, M., & Bernice Porjesz, A. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.009 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Schall, U., Catts, S. V., Karayanidis, F., & Ward, P. B. (1999) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145799001418 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationSchall, U., Catts, S. V., Chaturvedi, S., Liebert, B. J., Redenbach, J., Karayanidis, F., & Ward, P. B. (1998) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s146114579800100x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationCampbell, L., Hughes, M. E., Budd, T. W., Cooper, G. J., Fulham, W. R., Karayanidis, F., Hanlon, M., Stojanov, W., Johnston, P., Case, V., et al. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05858.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationBehavioral changes in G72/G30 transgenic mice
Otte, D. M., Bilkei‐Gorzó, A., Filiou, M. D., Turck, C. W., Yilmaz, Ö., Holst, M. I., Schilling, K., Jamra, R. A., Schumacher, J., Benzel, I. M., et al. (2009) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.12.009 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Evidence of Disrupted Prepulse Inhibition in Unaffected Siblings of Bipolar Disorder Patients
Giakoumaki, S. G., Roussos, P., Rogdaki, M., Karli, C., Bitsios, P., & Frangou, S. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.002 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Effect of antipsychotic treatment on the prepulse inhibition deficit of mGluR5 knockout mice
Brody, S. A., Conquet, F., & Geyer, M. A. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1635-3 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Effect of treatment status on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in schizophrenia
Duncan, E., Szilagyi, S., Efferen, T. R., Schwartz, M. P., Parwani, A., Chakravorty, S., Madonick, S. H., Kunzova, A., Harmon, J. W., Angrist, B., et al. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1372-z · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Phillips, M. A., Langley, R. W., Bradshaw, C. M., & Szabadi, E. (2000) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988110001400105 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Brain mechanisms for prepulse inhibition in adults with Tourette syndrome: Initial findings
Zebardast, N., Crowley, M. J., Bloch, M. H., Mayes, L. C., Wyk, B. V., Leckman, J. F., Pelphrey, K. A., & Swain, J. E. (2013) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.05.009 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Sobin, C. A., Kiley‐Brabeck, K., & Karayiorgou, M. (2004) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001609 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Lesions of the dorsomedial striatum disrupt prepulse inhibition
Ramsey, L. C. B., Xu, M., Wood, N. E., & Pittenger, C. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.041 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Using animal models to develop therapeutics for Tourette Syndrome
Swerdlow, N. R., & Sutherland, A. N. (2005) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.05.003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Pittenger, C., Adams, T. G., Gallezot, J., Crowley, M. J., Nabulsi, N., Ropchan, J., Gao, H., Kichuk, S. A., Simpson, R., Billingslea, E., et al. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.021 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Abduljawad, K. A. J., Langley, R. W., Bradshaw, C. M., & Szabadi, E. (2001) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988110101500402 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Abduljawad, K. A. J., Langley, R. W., Bradshaw, C. M., & Szabadi, E. (1999) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119901300101 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Prepulse inhibition in patients with Alzheimer’s disease
Hejl, A., Glenthoj, B. Y., Mackeprang, T., Hemmingsen, R., & Waldemar, G. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.11.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Thomas, S. J., Gonsalvez, C. J., & Johnstone, S. J. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.05.012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Pre-attentive processing and schizophrenia: animal studies
Ellenbroek, B. A. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1684-7 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Duncan, E., Szilagyi, S., Schwartz, M. P., Kunzova, A., Negi, S., Efferen, T. R., Peselow, E. D., Chakravorty, S., Stephanides, M., Harmon, J. W., et al. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00161-6 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Sumich, A. L., Kumari, V., Dodd, P., Ettinger, U., Hughes, C., Zachariah, E., & Sharma, T. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.09.018 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Kalrnplays key roles within and outside of the nervous system
Mandela, P., Yankova, M. P., Conti, L. H., Ma, X., Grady, J., Eipper, B. A., & Mains, R. E. (2012) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-13-136 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Graham, S. J., Langley, R. W., Verduzco, A. M. B., Bradshaw, C. M., & Szabadi, E. (2002) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988110201600101 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Deficits in auditory P50 inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Hashimoto, T., Shimizu, E., Koike, K., Orita, Y., Suzuki, T., Kanahara, N., Matsuzawa, D., Fukami, G., Miyatake, R., Shinoda, N., et al. (2008) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.021 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Samuels, E. R., Hou, R. H., Langley, R. W., Szabadi, E., & Bradshaw, C. M. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301363 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Regulation of sensorimotor gating in rats by hippocampal NMDA: anatomical localization
Swerdlow, N. R., Hanlon, F. M., Henning, L., Kim, Y. K., Gaudet, I., & Halim, N. D. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02143-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Disrupted sensory gating in pathological gambling
Stojanov, W., Karayanidis, F., Johnston, P., Bailey, A., Carr, V. J., & Schall, U. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01745-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationAuditory inhibitory gating in the amygdala: Single-unit analysis in the behaving rat
Cromwell, H. C., Anstrom, K. K., Azarov, A., & Woodward, D. J. (2005) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.01.106 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Graham, S. J., Langley, R. W., Bradshaw, C. M., & Szabadi, E. (2001) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988110101500411 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Swerdlow, N. R., Kuczenski, R. T., Goins, J., Crain, S. K., Lillian, T., Bongiovanni, M. J., & Shoemaker, J. M. (2004) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.11.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sensory gating and sensorimotor gating in medication-free obsessive-compulsive disorder patients
de Leeuw, A. S., Oranje, B., van Megen, H. J. G. M., Kemner, C., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (2010) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0b013e328338c4f0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Diniz, J. B., Miguel, E. C., de Oliveira, A. R., Reimer, A. E., Brandão, M. L., de Mathis, M. A., Batistuzzo, M. C., Costa, D. L. C., & Hoexter, M. Q. (2012) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s1516-4446(12)70056-9 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Reimer, A. E., de Oliveira, A. R., Diniz, J. B., Hoexter, M. Q., Chiavegatto, S., & Brandão, M. L. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.06.036 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Santos‐Carrasco, D., & la Casa, L. G. D. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01253-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Boeijinga, P. H., Soufflet, L., Santoro, F., & Luthringer, R. (2007) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881107077768 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Prestimulus effects on startle magnitude: Sensory or motor?
Swerdlow, N. R., Shoemaker, J. M., Stephany, N., Wasserman, L. C., Ro, H. J., & Geyer, M. A. (2002) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.116.4.672 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Phillips, M. A., Oxtoby, E. K., Langley, R. W., Bradshaw, C. M., & Szabadi, E. (2000) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988110001400308 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Graham, S. J., Scaife, J. C., Verduzco, A. M. B., Langley, R. W., Bradshaw, C. M., & Szabadi, E. (2004) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881104042615 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Bender, S., Schall, U., Wolstein, J. R., Grzella, I., Zerbin, D., & Oades, R. D. (1999) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(98)00053-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationSchall, U., Schön, A., Zerbin, D., Bender, S., Eggers, C., & Oades, R. D. (1997) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00403-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationWeak prepulses inhibit but do not elicit startle in rats and humans
Swerdlow, N. R., Talledo, J., Shoemaker, J. M., Codon, K., Goins, J., & Auerbach, P. P. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.02.030 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Swerdlow, N. R., Shoemaker, J. M., Noh, H. R., Ma, L., Gaudet, I., Munson, M., Crain, S. K., & Auerbach, P. P. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.028 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pascalis, V. D., & Scacchia, P. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159135 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Unlocking the potential of patients with ADHD: A model for clinical practice.
Monastra, V. J. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11665-000 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Genetic variation of serotonin receptor function affects prepulse inhibition of the startle
Bräuer, D., Strobel, A., Hensch, T., Diers, K., Lesch, K., & Brocke, B. (2009) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-009-0222-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gap prepulse inhibition of the auditory late response in healthy subjects
Ku, Y., Ahn, J. W., Kwon, C., Suh, M., Lee, J. H., Oh, S. H., & Kim, H. C. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12507 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pascalis, V. D., & Russo, E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079605 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Oades, R. D., & Sartory, G. (1997) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)02303-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationOBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER AND TIC SYNDROMES
Swerdlow, N. R. (2001) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70338-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Schmidt, F., Mauermann, M., & Kollmeier, B. (2020) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/2331216519900595 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kr�ner, S., Schall, U., Ward, P. B., Sticht, G., Banger, M., Haffner, H. T., & Catts, S. V. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130051040 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationPrepulse-elicited motor reactions do not differ between schizophrenia patients and control subjects.
Swerdlow, N. R., Sprock, J., & BRAFF, D. L. (2006) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.120.1.224 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pascalis, V. D., & Scacchia, P. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.046 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Conti, L. H., Sutherland, J. E., & Muhlhauser, C. M. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.01.008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hemmings, S. M. J. (2006) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Xue, C., Li, X.-H., Liu, M., Yang, X.-C., Li, G.-H., Xu, R., Wang, J., & Zhang, W.-N. (2020) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135024 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Prepulse Inhibition of the Startle Reflex in Forebrain Oxytocin Receptor Knockout Mice
Swonger, J. M. (2011) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schmidt, F. H. (2019) · Carl von Ossiezky University of Oldenburg · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chmiel, J., & Kładna, A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15155994
de Leeuw, A. S. (2013) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Neural and Muscular Prepulse Inhibition in Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Controls
Pettersen, J. H. (2021) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
- Authors
- Schall, U., Schön, A., Zerbin, D., Eggers, C., & Oades, R. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Venue
- International Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1996-01
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 1-4
- Pages
- 15-33
- ISSN
- 0020-7454 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-5245
- OpenAlex
- W2041365278
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- International Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
- CogPrints (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- DuEPublico (University of Duisburg-Essen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- prepulse inhibition, event-related potentials, auditory discrimination, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, P50, N1, P3, reaction time, gating, omission errors
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Adult, Discrimination, Psychological, Electromyography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reaction Time, Schizophrenic Psychology, Reflex, Startle
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
