Startle Gating Deficits in a Large Cohort of Patients With Schizophrenia: Relationship to Medications, Symptoms, Neurocognition, and Level of Function
Abstract
CONTEXT: Patients with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in automatic, preattentive sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition [PPI]) of the startle reflex. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationships between PPI deficits and demographic, clinical, neurocognitive, and functional status in a large cohort of patients with schizophrenia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparison of patients with schizophrenia and normal comparison subjects. SETTING: University-based psychophysiology laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Carefully screened patients with schizophrenia (n = 103) and normal comparison subjects (n = 66). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants were assessed in structured clinical interviews and tested in measures of acoustic startle PPI and neurocognition. The level of functioning was assessed in patients using validated scales. Analyses first compared all of the patients vs normal comparison subjects. Patients were then divided based on sex, medications, smoking status, and levels of PPI. The associations of PPI to clinical, neurocognitive, and functional variables were assessed using both continuous and categorical analyses. RESULTS: Compared with normal comparison subjects, patients exhibited PPI deficits at 60-millisecond intervals but not at 30- or 120-millisecond intervals. In addition, patients exhibited deficits in neurocognition. Among patients, PPI levels were associated with sex (higher in men than in women), medication status (highest in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics), and smoking (higher in smokers than in nonsmokers). Compared with patients in the highest quartile of PPI, those in the lowest quartile of PPI were significantly more impaired on specific functional measures but did not differ in neurocognitive measures or symptom severity. The relationship between low PPI and functional impairment was most pronounced and orderly in male patients. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight several important factors (sex, medications, and smoking status) that strongly impact the study and interpretation of PPI deficits in patient populations. These results also support the concept that deficient PPI is associated with impaired functional status in schizophrenia.
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A weak tone initiates habituation of the reticular neurons' response to a successive louder tone, leading to prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response.
“A weak tone initiates habituation of the reticular neurons’ response to a successive louder tone, leading to the phenomenon of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (7, 8).”
From Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as [7]
The deficit in PPI is most prominent in schizophrenia when the weaker tone precedes the startling sound by 60 msec.
“The deficit in PPI is most prominent in schizophrenia when the weaker tone precedes the startling sound by 60 msec (7).”
From Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as [7]
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Oxytocin: The Great Facilitator of Life
Lee, H.-J., Macbeth, A. H., Pagani, J., & Young, W. S. (2009) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.04.001 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Neurophysiological Endophenotypes of Schizophrenia: The Viability of Selected Candidate Measures
Turetsky, B. I., Calkins, M. E., Light, G. A., D, A. O. M., Radant, A. D., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl060 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Self-citationRealistic expectations of prepulse inhibition in translational models for schizophrenia research
Swerdlow, N. R., Weber, M., Qu, Y., Light, G. A., & Braff, D. L. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1072-4 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Self-citationLight, G. A., Hsu, J., Hsieh, M. H., Meyer-Gomes, K., Sprock, J., Swerdlow, N. R., & BRAFF, D. L. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.055 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Self-citationSensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia
Javitt, D. C., & Freedman, R. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121691 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Initial Heritability Analyses of Endophenotypic Measures for Schizophrenia
Greenwood, T. A., BRAFF, D. L., Light, G. A., Cadenhead, K. S., Calkins, M. E., Dobie, D. J., Freedman, R., Green, M. F., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., et al. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.11.1242 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurophysiological biomarkers for drug development in schizophrenia
Javitt, D. C., Spencer, K., Thaker, G. K., Winterer, G., & Hajós, M. (2007) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2463 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Young, J. W., Powell, S. B., Risbrough, V. B., Marston, H. M., & Geyer, M. A. (2009) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.004 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Prenatal stress: Role in psychotic and depressive diseases
Markham, J. A., & Koenig, J. I. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2035-0 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Top–down modulation of prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans and rats
Li, L., Du, Y., Li, N., Wu, X. H., & Wu, Y. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.02.001 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Quednow, B. B., Kometer, M., Geyer, M. A., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.228 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Prepulse inhibition and genetic mouse models of schizophrenia
Powell, S. B., Zhou, X., & Geyer, M. A. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.04.021 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Phenotypic Landscape of Schizophrenia-Associated Genes Defines Candidates and Their Shared Functions
Thyme, S. B., Pieper, L. M., Li, E. H., Pandey, S., Wang, Y., Morris, N. S., Sha, C., Choi, J. W., Herrera, K. J., Soucy, E. R., et al. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.048 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The role of the thalamus in schizophrenia from a neuroimaging perspective
Pergola, G., Selvaggi, P., Trizio, S., Bertolino, A., & Blasi, G. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.013 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Light, G. A., Swerdlow, N. R., & BRAFF, D. L. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.10.1624 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor in Schizophrenia
Ishiguro, H., Horiuchi, Y., Ishikawa, M., Koga, M., Imai, K., Suzuki, Y., Morikawa, M., Inada, T., Watanabe, Y., Takahashi, M., et al. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.024 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
CNS effects of CB2 cannabinoid receptors: beyond neuro-immuno-cannabinoid activity
Onaivi, E. S., Ishiguro, H., Gu, S., & Liu, Q. (2011) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111400652 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Mouse behavioral endophenotypes for schizophrenia
Amann, L. C., Gandal, M. J., Halene, T. B., Ehrlichman, R. S., White, S., McCarren, H. S., & Siegel, S. J. (2010) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.04.008 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Swerdlow, N. R., BRAFF, D. L., & Geyer, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116661075 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationEndophenotypes in psychiatric genetics
Walters, J., & Owen, M. J. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002068 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Takao, K., Kobayashi, K., Hagihara, H., Ohira, K., Shoji, H., Hattori, S., Koshimizu, H., Umemori, J., Toyama, K., Nakamura, H. K., et al. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.38 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Light, G. A., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2015) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12730 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, Q., Cheung, C., Wei, R., Hui, E. S. K., Feldon, J., Meyer, U., Chung, S. K., Chua, S. E., Sham, P. C., Wu, E. X., et al. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006354 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Pantelis, C., Yücel, M., Bora, E., Fornito, A., Testa, R., Brewer, W. J., Velakoulis, D., & Wood, S. J. (2009) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9114-1 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Impaired Sensorimotor Gating of the Acoustic Startle Response in the Prodrome of Schizophrenia
Quednow, B. B., Frommann, I., Berning, J., Kühn, K.-U., Maier, W., & Wagner, M. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.019 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Association Analysis of 94 Candidate Genes and Schizophrenia-Related Endophenotypes
Greenwood, T. A., Light, G. A., Swerdlow, N. R., Radant, A. D., & BRAFF, D. L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029630 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationGiakoumaki, S. G., Roussos, P., & Bitsios, P. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.82 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Profile of auditory information-processing deficits in schizophrenia
Turetsky, B. I., Bilker, W. B., Siegel, S. J., Kohler, C. G., & Gur, R. E. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.04.013 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Prepulse Inhibition of the Startle Reflex: A Window on the Brain in Schizophrenia
BRAFF, D. L. (2010) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2010_61 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic Models of Sensorimotor Gating: Relevance to Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Powell, S. B., Weber, M., & Geyer, M. A. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_195 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Managò, F., Mereu, M., Mastwal, S. S., Mastrogiacomo, R., Scheggia, D., Emanuele, M., Luca, M. A. D., Weinberger, D. R., Wang, K. H., & Papaleo, F. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.044 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Takahashi, H., Rissling, A. J., Pascual-Marqui, R. D., Kirihara, K., Pela, M., Sprock, J., BRAFF, D. L., & Light, G. A. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.074 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationPharmacological Aspects of the Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Galantamine
Ago, Y., Koda, K., Takuma, K., & Matsuda, T. (2011) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1254/jphs.11r01cr · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Audiovisual emotion recognition in schizophrenia: Reduced integration of facial and vocal affect
de Jong, J. J., Hodiamont, P. P. G., den Stock, J. V., & de Gelder, B. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.10.001 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Shao, Z., Noh, H., Kim, W. B., Ni, P., Nguyen, C. L., Cote, S. E., Noyes, E. A., Zhao, J., Parsons, T. J., Park, J. M., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0313-z · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Oxytocin as a natural antipsychotic: a study using oxytocin knockout mice
Caldwell, H. K., Stephens, S. L., & Young, W. S. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002150 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Sleep deprivation disrupts prepulse inhibition and induces psychosis-like symptoms in healthy humans
Petrovsky, N., Ettinger, U., Hill, A., Frenzel, L., Meyhofer, I., Wagner, M., Backhaus, J., & Kumari, V. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0904-14.2014 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Memantine Effects On Sensorimotor Gating and Mismatch Negativity in Patients with Chronic Psychosis
Swerdlow, N. R., Bhakta, S. G., Chou, H., Talledo, J., Balvaneda, B., & Light, G. A. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.162 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationCrabtree, G. W., & Gogos, J. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00028 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Dedic, N., Dworak, H., Zeni, C. M., Rutigliano, G., & Howes, O. D. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413185 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Carpenter, W. T., Bustillo, J. R., Thaker, G. K., van Os, J., Krueger, R. F., & Green, M. J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990286 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Advances in endophenotyping schizophrenia
BRAFF, D. L., Greenwood, T. A., Swerdlow, N. R., Light, G. A., & Schork, N. J. (2008) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00140.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationDeficient prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia detected by the multi-site COGS
Swerdlow, N. R., Light, G. A., Sprock, J., Calkins, M. E., Green, M. F., Greenwood, T. A., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., Lazzeroni, L. C., Nuechterlein, K. H., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.004 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationBraff, D. L., Light, G. A., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.015 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationWegener, N., & Koch, M. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.081 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Hazlett, E. A., Buchsbaum, M. S., Zhang, J., Newmark, R. E., Glanton, C. F., Zelmanova, Y., Haznedar, M. M., Chu, K.-W., Nenadić, I., Kemether, E. M., et al. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.039 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Estrogens and the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia: Possible neuroprotective mechanisms
McGregor, C., Riordan, A. J., & Thornton, J. E. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.06.003 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Quednow, B. B., Ettinger, U., Mößner, R., Rujescu, D., Giegling, I., Collier, D. A., Schmechtig, A., Kühn, K.-U., Möller, H., Maier, W., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0526-11.2011 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Psychophysiological Methods and Developmental Psychopathology
Zisner, A. R., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy222 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Dopamine D3 receptor: A neglected participant in Parkinson Disease pathogenesis and treatment?
Yang, P., Perlmutter, J. S., Benzinger, T. L. S., Morris, J. C., & Xu, J. (2019) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.100994 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
A Upf3b-mutant mouse model with behavioral and neurogenesis defects
Huang, L., Shum, E. Y., Jones, S. H., Lou, C.-H., Chousal, J. N., Kim, H. Y., Roberts, A. J., Jolly, L. A., Espinoza, J. L., Skarbrevik, D., et al. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.173 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationMillan, M. J., Loiseau, F., Dekeyne, A., Gobert, A., Flik, G., Cremers, T. I. F. H., Rivet, J., Sicard, D., Billiras, R., & Brocco, M. (2007) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.107.134536 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
San-Martin, R., Castro, L. A., Menezes, P. R., Fraga, F. J., Simões, P. W. T. D. A., & Salum, C. (2020) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa059 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The mouse attentional-set-shifting task: A method for assaying successful cognitive aging?
Young, J. W., Powell, S. B., Geyer, M. A., Jeste, D. V., & Risbrough, V. B. (2010) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.10.2.243 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Are we studying and treating schizophrenia correctly?
Swerdlow, N. R. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.05.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationSensorimotor Gating is Associated with CHRNA3 Polymorphisms in Schizophrenia and Healthy Volunteers
Petrovsky, N., Quednow, B. B., Ettinger, U., Schmechtig, A., Mößner, R., Collier, D. A., Kühn, K.-U., Maier, W., Wagner, M., & Kumari, V. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.12 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Wynn, J. K., Green, M. F., Sprock, J., Light, G. A., Widmark, C., Reist, C., Erhart, S. M., Marder, S. R., Mintz, J., & BRAFF, D. L. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.05.039 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationBuse, J., Beste, C., Herrmann, E., & Roessner, V. (2015) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2015.1112033 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Single-Dose Memantine Improves Cortical Oscillatory Response Dynamics in Patients with Schizophrenia
Light, G. A., Zhang, W., Joshi, Y. B., Bhakta, S. G., Talledo, J., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.81 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationHe, E., Gonzalez‐Lozano, M. A., Stringer, S., Watanabe, K., Sakamoto, K., den Oudsten, F., Koopmans, F., Giamberardino, S. N., Hammerschlag, A. R., Cornelisse, L. N., et al. (2018) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddy089 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Vorhees, C. V., Graham, D. L., Braun, A. A., Schaefer, T. L., Skelton, M. R., Richtand, N. M., & Williams, M. T. (2014) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2014.10.007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Cotinine: Beyond that Expected, More than a Biomarker of Tobacco Consumption
Echeverrı́a, V. (2012) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00173 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
In Vivo Ca2+ Imaging Reveals that Decreased Dendritic Excitability Drives Startle Habituation
Marsden, K. C., & Granato, M. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.060 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
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Hasenkamp, W. M., Epstein, M. P., Green, A. M., Wilcox, L., Boshoven, W., Lewison, B., & Duncan, E. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.11.012 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Prepulse inhibition and “psychosis-proneness” in healthy individuals: An fMRI study
Kumari, V., Antonova, E., & Geyer, M. A. (2008) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.11.006 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Roussos, P., Giakoumaki, S. G., & Bitsios, P. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.07.008 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Swerdlow, N. R. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.09.002 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationCortical grey matter volume and sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia
Kumari, V., Fannon, D. G., Geyer, M. A., Premkumar, P., Antonova, E., Simmons, A., & Kuipers, E. (2008) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.11.007 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Differentially Organized Top-Down Modulation of Prepulse Inhibition of Startle
Du, Y., Wu, X. H., & Li, L. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1292-11.2011 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Savonenko, A. V., Muñoz, P., Melnikova, T., Wang, Q., Liang, X., BREYER, R. M., Montine, T. J., Kirkwood, A., & Andreasson, K. I. (2009) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.01.016 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Mauthner-cell circuit of fish as a model system for startle plasticity
Medan, V., & Preuss, T. (2014) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.006 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Transcription Factor SP4 Is a Susceptibility Gene for Bipolar Disorder
Zhou, X., Tang, W., Greenwood, T. A., Guo, S., He, L., Geyer, M. A., & Kelsoe, J. R. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005196 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Brief subjective durations contract with repetition
Pariyadath, V., & Eagleman, D. M. (2008) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/8.16.11 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
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Swerdlow, N. R., Light, G. A., Thomas, M. L., Sprock, J., Calkins, M. E., Green, M. F., Greenwood, T. A., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., Lazzeroni, L. C., et al. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.013 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationKuroiwa, M., Snyder, G. L., Shuto, T., Fukuda, A., Yanagawa, Y., Benavides, D. R., Nairn, A. C., Bibb, J. A., Greengard, P., & Nishi, A. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2436-8 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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An Overview of the Association between Schizotypy and Dopamine
Mohr, C., & Ettinger, U. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00184 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Nicotine Effect on Prepulse Inhibition and Prepulse Facilitation in Schizophrenia Patients
Hong, L. E., Wonodi, I., Lewis, J., & Thaker, G. K. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301601 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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Prepulse Inhibition of Startle Response: Recent Advances in Human Studies of Psychiatric Disease
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Naert, A., Callaerts‐Vegh, Z., & D’Hooge, R. (2011) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.03.027 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Translational value of startle modulations
Fendt, M., & Koch, M. (2013) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-013-1599-5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
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Manning, E. E., & van den Buuse, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00092 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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Gogos, A., van den Buuse, M., & Rossell, S. L. (2009) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145709000480 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Peres, F. F., Diana, M. C., Levin, R. R., Suiama, M. A., de Almeida, V., Vendramini, A. M., Santos, C. M., Zuardi, A. W., Hallak, J. E. C., Crippa, J. A. S., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00901 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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Self-citationXia, Y., Zhang, Z.-Q., Lin, W.-P., Yan, J., Zhu, C., Yin, D., He, S., Su, Y., Xu, N., Caldwell, R. W., et al. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0743-7 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Relationship of Common Risk Variants and Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia to Sensorimotor Gating
Roussos, P., Giakoumaki, S. G., Zouraraki, C., Fullard, J. F., Karagiorga, V. E., Tsapakis, E.-M., Petraki, Z., Siever, L. J., Lencz, T., Malhotra, A. K., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.019 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Reduced prepulse inhibition in adolescents at risk for psychosis: a 2-year follow-up study
Ziermans, T. B., Schothorst, P. F., Magnée, M. J. C. M., van Engeland, H., & Kemner, C. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.100063 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Oranje, B., & Glenthoj, B. Y. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs071 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Schizophrenia endophenotypes as treatment targets
Thaker, G. K. (2007) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1517/14728222.11.9.1189 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Greenwood, T. A., Light, G. A., Swerdlow, N. R., Calkins, M. E., Green, M. F., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., Lazzeroni, L. C., Nuechterlein, K. H., D, A. O. M., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15050605 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Swerdlow, N. R., Light, G. A., Cadenhead, K. S., Sprock, J., Hsieh, M. H., & Braff, D. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2006-12-01
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1325-35
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2169289621
- Cited by
- 339
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 16.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH069589, MH65571, MH69589, MH42228, MH 01436, MH60720, K02MH001436, R01MH060720, R01MH065571)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, prepulse inhibition, sensorimotor gating, acoustic startle response, neurocognitive function, functional disability, sex differences, atypical antipsychotics, smoking, antipsychotic effects
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Auditory Perception, Cognition Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Inhibition, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reaction Time, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Sex Factors, Smoking, Reflex, Startle, Antipsychotic Agents, Cohort Studies
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