Concomitant injuries and its influence on functional outcome after traumatic brain injury
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study aims to describe the presence and severity of extracranial concomitant injuries in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients and to ascertain their effect on long-term functional outcome. METHOD: A retrospective cohort study was performed in a single-center recruiting patients with first episode of TBI. The types and severity of extracranial concomitant injuries were documented for patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Injuries with Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) grade 3-6 were considered to be high grade. A cross-sectional functional assessment was conducted at 18 months post-injury using Glasgow Outcome Scale. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients were included in the analysis. Extracranial concomitant injuries were seen in 78% of the patients. Three commonest injuries were facial (44%), lower extremity (20%) and upper extremity (12%) injuries. Among the AIS grade ≥ 3, injury involving the chest was most common (41%). Presence of extracranial concomitant injuries AIS grade ≥ 3 was significantly associated with disability in TBI patients at 18 months (OR 12.74, 95% CI 2.39-67.95, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Presence of extracranial concomitant injuries was high. In TBI survivors, extracranial concomitant injuries AIS grade ≥ 3 influenced the long-term functional outcome at 18 months, causing moderate and severe disabilities. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Concomitant injuries should be suspected in patients with traumatic brain injury, especially in a high-speed trauma mechanisms as the incidence can be as high as 78% as in this study and may interfere with the long term rehabilitation and outcome. This study shows that severe extra cranial concomitant injuries are associated with a poor long term functional outcome even in the mild traumatic brain injury patients and therefore need to be addressed early in the rehabilitation of this group of patients. Early diagnosis and management of severe concomitant injuries is warranted and may improve the functional gains in the long term after traumatic brain injury.
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Comorbidities and extracerebral injuries can affect the clinical course and outcomes of TBI.
“Comorbidities and extracerebral injuries can affect the clinical course and outcomes of TBI. 33,34”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Leong, B. K., Mazlan, M., Rahim, R. B. A., & Ganesan, D.
- Affiliations
- Sultan Ismail Specialist Hospital (MY)
- University of Malaya (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Mazlan, Mazlina
- Venue
- Disability and Rehabilitation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-01-07
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1546-1551
- ISSN
- 0963-8288 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5165
- OpenAlex
- W2085092685
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Disability and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, polytrauma, functional outcome, disability, Abbreviated Injury Scale, facial trauma, thoracic trauma, mild traumatic brain injury, rehabilitation, Glasgow Outcome Scale
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Arm Injuries, Brain Injuries, Cross-Sectional Studies, Facial Injuries, Female, Humans, Leg Injuries, Malaysia, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Trauma, Retrospective Studies, Time Factors, Prevalence, Abbreviated Injury Scale, Logistic Models, Treatment Outcome, Recovery of Function, Glasgow Outcome Scale, Young Adult
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