Correlates of depressive symptoms in individuals attending outpatient stroke clinics
Abstract
Background and purpose Depressive symptoms are common post-stroke. We examined stroke deficits and lifestyle factors that are independent predictors for depressive symptomology. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for patients' post-stroke who attended outpatient clinics at a hospital in Southwestern Ontario between 1 January 2014 and 30 September 2014. Demographic variables, stroke deficits, secondary stroke risk factors and disability study measures [Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)] were analyzed. Results Of the 221 outpatients who attended the stroke clinics (53% male; mean age = 65.2 ± 14.9 years; mean time post-stroke 14.6 ± 20.1 months), 202 patients were used in the final analysis. About 36% of patients (mean = 5.17 ± 5.96) reported mild to severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 5). Cognitive impairment (CI), smoking, pain and therapy enrollment (p < 0.01) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Patients reporting CI were 4 times more likely to score highly on the PHQ-9 than those who did not report CI (OR = 4.72). While controlling for age, MoCA scores negatively related to depressive symptoms with higher PHQ-9 scores associated with lower MoCA scores (r= -0.39, p < 0.005). Conclusions High levels of depressive symptoms are common in the chronic phase post-stroke and were partially related to cognition, pain, therapy enrollment and lifestyle factors. Implications for Rehabilitation Stroke patients who report cognitive deficits, pain, tobacco use or being enrolled in therapy may experience increased depressive symptoms. A holistic perspective of disease and lifestyle factors should be considered while assessing risk of depressive symptoms in stroke patients. Patients at risk for depressive symptoms should be monitored at subsequent outpatient visits.
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Lower scores in cognition were related to depression in individuals attending outpatient stroke clinics; cognitive impairment appears to be associated with depressive symptomatology.
“A study on individuals attending outpatient stroke clinics showed that lower scores in cognition were related to depression; thus, cognitive impairment appears to be associated with depressive symptomatology [226].”
From Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature (2021) · cites this paper as [226]
Risk behaviours, such as sedentary behaviour, substance abuse and smoking/nicotine exposure, have been linked to depression.
“Risk behaviours, such as sedentary behaviour, substance abuse and smoking/nicotine exposure, have been linked to depression [226,335,355,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401].”
From Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature (2021) · cites this paper as [226]
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“[5,8] Interestingly, age and gender did not predict PSD.[2] It is important to CONTACT Julianne Vermeer julianne.vermeer@sjhc.london.on.ca Lawson Health Research Institute, Parkwood Institute, Aging, Rehabilitation, and Geriatric Care, Rm. B3025, Parkwood Institute, 550 Wellington Road, London, ON N6C 0A7, Canada Supp…”
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- Authors
- Vermeer, J., Rice, D., McIntyre, A., Viana, R., Macaluso, S., & Teasell, R.
- Affiliations
- Lawson Health Research Institute (CA)
- Western University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Vermeer, Julianne
- Venue
- Disability and Rehabilitation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-02-17
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 43-49
- ISSN
- 0963-8288 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5165
- OpenAlex
- W2273948385
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Disability and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Keywords
- post-stroke depression, depressive symptoms, stroke, cognitive impairment, pain, smoking, rehabilitation therapy, risk factors, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, PHQ-9
- MeSH terms
- Stroke Rehabilitation, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition, Depression, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Ontario, Outpatients, Pain, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Logistic Models, Young Adult, Cognitive Dysfunction
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