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Biofilms of non-Candida albicans Candida species: quantification, structure and matrix composition
Abstract
Most cases of candidiasis have been attributed to C. albicans, but recently, non- Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) species have been identified as common pathogens. The ability of Candida species to form biofilms has important clinical repercussions due to their increased resistance to antifungal therapy and the ability of yeast cells within the biofilms to withstand host immune defenses. Given this clinical importance of the biofilm growth form, the aim of this study was to characterize biofilms produced by three NCAC species, namely C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. The biofilm forming ability of clinical isolates of C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata recovered from different sources, was evaluated by crystal violet staining. The structure and morphological characteristics of the biofilms were also assessed by scanning electron microscopy and the biofilm matrix composition analyzed for protein and carbohydrate content. All NCAC species were able to form biofilms although these were less extensive for C. glabrata compared with C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. It was evident that C. parapsilosis biofilm production was highly strain dependent, a feature not evident with C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed structural differences for biofilms with respect to cell morphology and spatial arrangement. Candida parapsilosis biofilm matrices had large amounts of carbohydrate with less protein. Conversely, matrices extracted from C. tropicalis biofilms had low amounts of carbohydrate and protein. Interestingly, C. glabrata biofilm matrix was high in both protein and carbohydrate content. The present work demonstrates that biofilm forming ability, structure and matrix composition are highly species dependent with additional strain variability occurring with C. parapsilosis.
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“Moreover, C. glabrata colonizes host tissues as well as abiotic surfaces as biofilms (Silva et al., 2009).”
From Candida glabrata susceptibility to antifungals and phagocytosis is modulated by acetate (2015) · cites this paper as Silva et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“C. glabrata biofilms display antifungal resistance, and are characterized by a compact dense structure of yeast cells nested in an extracellular matrix which is composed of high levels of proteins and carbohydrates including β-1,3 glucan [50,51,52].”
From Candida glabrata: A Lot More Than Meets the Eye (2019) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“particularly biofilm formation ability”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“with proteins, carbohydrates (e.g., β-1,3 glucans), and ergosterol in their matrixes [40,41,44].”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“Candida glabrata clinical isolates have the ability to form a compact biofilm structure in different multilayers [40,41]”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
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Sardi, J. C. O., Scorzoni, L., Bernardi, T., Fusco-Almeida, A. M., & Mendes Giannini, M. J. S. (2013) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.045054-0 · Cited by 1,184
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Self-citationEssential Oils and Antifungal Activity
Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., Coppola, R., & Feo, V. D. (2017) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph10040086 · Cited by 889
Emerging opportunistic yeast infections
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Candida Biofilms: Threats, Challenges, and Promising Strategies
Cavalheiro, M., & Teixeira, M. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00028 · Cited by 690
Metadata
- Authors
- Silva, S., Henriques, M., Martins, A., Oliveira, R., Williams, D., & Azeredo, J.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (PT)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Venue
- Medical Mycology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-11-03
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 681-689
- ISSN
- 0268-1218 (ISSN-L)
- 1369-3786
- 1460-2709
- OpenAlex
- W2040661614
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 9.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medical Mycology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Keywords
- Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, biofilm formation, biofilm matrix composition, biofilm structure, strain differences, antifungal resistance, candidiasis, clinical isolates
- MeSH terms
- Candida, Candidiasis, Carbohydrates, Female, Fungal Proteins, Humans, Mouth, Urinary Tract, Vagina, Biofilms
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